* 888-Abdallah ibn Muhammad becomes Emir of Córdoba.

Around 1035, the Lamtuna chieftain Abu Abdallah Muhammad ibn Tifat ( alias Tarsina ), tried to reunite the Sanhaja desert tribes, but his reign lasted less than three years.

Abu Bakr ( Abdullah ibn Abi Quhafa ) (, c. 573 CE – 23 August 634 CE ) also known as Abū Bakr as-Șiddīq ( Arabic: أبو بكر الصديق ) was a senior companion ( Sahabi ) and the father-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

The lineage of Abu Bakr joined that of Muhammad in the eighth degree in their common ancestor Murrah ibn Ka ' b.

The lineage of Muhammad was: Muhammad ; the son of Abd Allah ibn Abd al Muttalib ; the son of Abdul Muttalib ; the son of Hashim ibn ' Abd Manaf ; the son of Abd Manaf ibn Qusai ; the son of Qusai ibn Kilab ; the son of Kilab ibn Murrah ; the son of Murrah.

The complexity of this law served as an impetus behind the development of algebra ( Arabic: al-jabr ) by the Persian mathematician Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī and other medieval Islamic mathematicians.

Muwaffaq al-Din Muhammad ' Abd al-Latif ibn Yusuf al-Baghdadi (; 1162 – 1231 ), more commonly known as ' Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi or ' Abdallatif al-Baghdadi (), born in Baghdad, Iraq, was a celebrated physician, historian, Egyptologist and traveller, and one of the most voluminous writers of the Near East in his time.

Abd-ar-Rahman III ( Abd al-Rahmān ibn Muhammad ibn Abd Allāh ; ; 11 January 889 / 91 – 15 October 961 ) was the Emir and Caliph of Córdoba ( 912 – 961 ) of the Ummayad dynasty in al-Andalus.

Al-Mutarrif had accused Muhammad of plotting with the rebel Umar ibn Hafsun, and Muhammad had been imprisoned.

He initially sent a special corps ( hasam ) under Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Hudayr, governor of Écija, to Seville, to obtain their submission.

This attempt failed, but gained him the support of Muhammad ibn Ibrahim ibn Hayyay, lord of Carmona, and a cousin of the Sevillan lord, Ahmad ibn Maslama.

Muhammad ibn Ibrahim enjoyed his office for only a single day, for Abd ar-Rahman soon discovered his collusion with the rebel governor of Carmona.

* After a forty-year vacancy, Stephen becomes Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch at the suggestion of Umayyad caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik.

* Al-Harith ibn Jabalah becomes the fifth king of the Ghassanids.

* Suleyman I ibn al-Ghazi becomes emir of Aleppo.

The deep loyalties of Rodrigo Belmonte and Ammar ibn Khairan to Valledo and Cartada respectively mean that their eventual conflict becomes inevitable.

Uthman ibn Affan becomes the caliph.

Ali ibn Abi Talib becomes the fourth caliph.

Husayn ibn Ali becomes Imam of Ali ibn Abi Talib's followers.

Ali ibn Husayn becomes Imam of Ali ibn Abi Talib's followers.

* 715: Death of Walid I. Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik becomes Umayyad Caliph.

Ibn Iyad dies in an obscure conflict and Muhammad ibn Sa ` d ibn Mardanish becomes ruler.

** July 25, Independence of Portugal from the Kingdom of León declared after the Battle of Ourique against the Almoravids led by Ali ibn Yusuf: Prince Afonso Henriques becomes Afonso I, King of Portugal.

Abd al-Rahman I, or, his full name by patronymic record, Abd al-Rahman ibn Mu ' awiya ibn Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ( 731 – 788 ) ( Arabic: عبد الرحمن الداخل ) was the founder of the Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba ( 755 ), a Muslim dynasty that ruled the greater part of Iberia for nearly three centuries ( including the succeeding Caliphate of Córdoba ).

Born near Damascus in Syria, Abd al-Rahman, grandson of Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik, was the son of the Umayyad prince Mu ' awiyah ibn Hisham and a Berber mother.

At the time, Abd al-Rahman ibn Habib al-Fihri was the semi-autonomous governor of Ifriqiya ( roughly, modern Tunisia ) and a former Umayyad client.

Then they suggested Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ( one the greatest of the Umayyad caliphs ), but again no.

Following at the Battle of Uhud in 625, it is said that after killing Hamzah ibn Abdu l-Muṭṭalib, his liver was consumed by Hind bint ‘ Utbah ( the wife of Abû Sufyan ibn Harb one of the commanders of the Qurayš army ) who later reportedly converted to Islam and became the mother of Muawiyah I founder of the Islamic Umayyad Caliphate.

* 730 – Battle of Marj Ardabil: the Khazars annihilate an Umayyad army and kill its commander, al-Djarrah ibn Abdullah.

* 711 30 April – The Umayyad general Tariq ibn Ziyad, leading a Berber-dominated army, sailed across the Strait from Ceuta.

The tenth Umayyad caliph, Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik, built a palatial complex known as Khirbet al-Mafjar about one mile north of Tell as-Sultan in 743, and two mosques, a courtyard, mosaics, and other items from it can still be seen in situ today, despite its having been partially destroyed in an earthquake in 747.

* 711 – Umayyad conquest of Hispania: Battle of Guadalete – Umayyad forces under Tariq ibn Ziyad defeat the Visigoths led by King Roderic.

The Arabs were Umayyad forces sent by Caliph Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik and serving under his brother Maslamah ibn Abd al-Malik.

Leo secured the Empire's frontiers by inviting Slavic settlers into the depopulated districts and by restoring the army to efficiency ; when the Umayyad Caliphate renewed their invasions in 726 and 739, as part of the campaigns of Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik, the Arab forces were decisively beaten, particularly at Akroinon in 740.

Mecca re-entered Islamic political history briefly when it was held by Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, an early Muslim who opposed the Umayyad caliphs and again when the caliph Yazid I besieged Mecca in 683.

The latter was said to be held in Toledo, Spain during Visigoth rule and was part of the loot taken by Tarik ibn Ziyad during the Umayyad Conquest of Iberia, according to Ibn Abd-el-Hakem's History of the Conquest of Spain.

* Umayyad caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik ( 724 – 743 ) is succeeded by al-Walid II ibn Abd al-Malik ( 743 – 744 ).

* February 6 – Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik, Umayyad caliph

* April 16 – al-Walid II ibn Abd al-Malik, Umayyad caliph

In 1993 Khalifa ibn Hamad remained the Emir, but his son, Hamad ibn Khalifa, the heir apparent and minister of defense, had taken over much of the day-to-day running of the country.

** The Emir of Yemen and ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia conclude a peace treaty.

* The forces of Abdullah ibn Muhammad, Emir of Córdoba, defeat those of the rebel Umar ibn Hafsun at Poley in southern Spain.

* Ziri ibn Atiyya, Emir of Morocco, eventual effects of stab wounds

* May 10 – Ahmad ibn Tulun, Emir of Egypt

Emir Abd ar-Rahman II of Córdoba likewise had to face Viking invaders, as well as internal rebellions led by Musa ibn Musa, of the Banu Qasi family.

The two most significant decisions of the conference were to offer the throne of Iraq to Emir Faisal ibn Hussein ( who became Faisal I of Iraq ) and an emirate of Transjordan ( now Jordan ) to his brother Abdullah ibn Hussein ( who became Abdullah I of Jordan ).

Abdullah I bin al-Hussein, King of Jordan Allāh ibn al-Husayn ( February 1882 – 20 July 1951 ) ( Arabic ) عبد الله الأول بن الحسين born in Mecca, Hejaz, Ottoman Empire, ( in modern-day Saudi Arabia ) was the second of three sons of Sherif Hussein bin Ali, Sharif and Emir of Mecca and his first wife Abdiyya bint Abdullah ( d. 1886 ).

During the First World War he was converted to the Arab nationalist cause and fought in the Arab Revolt under Emir Faisal ibn Hussein of the Hijaz, who would later reign briefly as king of Syria before becoming king of Iraq.

Furthermore, in 1064 Emir Al-Muqtadir of Zaragoza sent Paternus, the Mozarabic bishop of Tortosa, as an envoy to king Ferdinand I of León in Santiago de Compostela, while the Christian Abu Umar ibn Gundislavus, a Saqaliba ( a Slav ), served the same taifa ruler as the Wazir ( Vizier, or the equivalent to prime minister ).

In 1099, the people of Granada, by order of the Almoravid Emir, Yusuf ibn Tashfin, acting on the advice of his Ulema, symbolically destroyed the main Mozarab church of the Christian community.

* Abdullah ibn Muhammad al-Umawi ( 844 – 912 ), seventh Emir of Córdoba

Emir Fakhr-al-Din ibn Maan ( 1572 – April 13, 1635 ) () was the 1st druze prince of the State of Lebanon which has self-governed under the Ottoman Empire between the 17th and 19th centuries.

Son of Prince Qorqmaz ibn Maan () and Sit Nasab () of the Tanukhi family, he was given the title " Emir " or Prince in Arabic because the Maan dynasty reigned over Lebanon.

By 1617, political changes in the Ottoman sultanate had resulted in the removal of many of Fakhr-al-Din's enemies from power, allowing Fahkr-al-Din's return to Lebanon, whereupon he was able quickly to reunite all the lands of Lebanon beyond the boundaries of its mountains ; and having revenge from Emir Yusuf Pasha ibn Siyfa, attacking his stronghold in Akkar, destroying his palaces and taking control of his lands, and regaining the territories he had to give up in 1613 in Sidon, Tripoli, Bekaa among others.

Post-medieval period: Aruj, Ahmad ibn Muhammad, Muhyi ad Din ( father of Emir Abdelkader )

It was the capital of the medieval Kingdom of Nekor, and was founded by Emir Idris ibn Salih between 749 and 761 AD, and became the capital in the reign of his son Said ibn Idris ( the capital having previously been Temsaman.

In 800, the Abbasid Caliph Harun al-Rashid appointed Ibrahim I ibn al-Aghlab as hereditary Emir of Ifriqiya as a response to the anarchy that had reigned in that province following the fall of the Muhallabids.

Abdullah ibn Muhammad ( ‘ Abd Allāh ibn Muḥammad ; January 11, 844 – October 15, 912 ) of the Umayyad dynasty was the seventh Emir of Córdoba, reigning from 888 to 912 in the Al-Andalus ( Moorish Iberia ).