* Essentialism philosophy — reducing the experience of a category ( gender or race ) to the experience of one sub-group ( white women or African-Americans ).

Essentialism obscures the diversity that exists among women.

Essentialism, in its broadest sense, is any philosophy that acknowledges the primacy of Essence.

* Nader El-Bizri, " Avicenna and Essentialism ," Review of Metaphysics, Vol.

Essentialism ensures that the accumulated wisdom of our civilization as taught in the traditional academic disciplines is passed on from teacher to student.

Essentialism is a relatively conservative stance to education that strives to teach students the knowledge of our society and civilization through a core curriculum.

Essentialism is the most typically enacted philosophy in American classrooms today.

However, because Essentialism is largely teacher-centered, the role of the student is often called into question.

* Mahalingam, Ramaswami ; " Essentialism, Culture, and Power: Representations of Social Class " Journal of Social Issues, Vol.

Because Essentialism is a conceptual worldview that is not dependent on objective facts and measurements, it is not limited to empirical understanding or the objective way of looking at things.

Despite the metaphysical basis for the term, academics in science, aesthetics, heuristics, psychology, and gender-based sociological studies have advanced their causes under the banner of Essentialism.

Essentialism has emerged as an important concept in psychology, particularly developmental psychology.

Classical Essentialism claims that some things are wrong in an absolute sense, for example murder breaks a universal, objective and natural moral law and not merely an adventitious, socially or ethically constructed one.

Essentialism is used by some historians in listing essential cultural characteristics of a particular nation or culture.

* Sayer, Andrew ( August 1997 ) " Essentialism, Social Constructionism, and Beyond ", Sociological Review 45: 456.

* Oderberg, David S. ( 2007 ) Real Essentialism New York, Routledge.

Aristotelian Essentialism is concerned with properties which Marcus defines in the context of a modal framework.

Brian David Ellis has categorized more recent efforts as the " New Essentialism.

" Home Is a Matter of Blood, Time, and Genre: Essentialism in Burnett and McKinley.

*" How Not to Derive Essentialism From the Theory of Reference " ( 1979 ) Journal of Philosophy 76: 703-725.

Null-A, or non-Aristotelian logic, refers to the capacity for, and practice of, using intuitive, inductive reasoning ( compare fuzzy logic ), rather than reflexive, or conditioned, deductive reasoning.

In practice aesthetic judgement refers to the sensory contemplation or appreciation of an object ( not necessarily an art object ), while artistic judgement refers to the recognition, appreciation or criticism of art or an art work.

Since the development of cannon, the word " artillery " in practice has largely meant cannon ; in contemporary usage it usually refers to shell-firing guns, howitzers, mortars, and rockets.

Instead, it presumably refers to the practice of setting law books and citing legal precedents in blackletter type, a tradition that survived long after the switch to roman and italic text for other printed works.

Riding shotgun refers to the practice of sitting alongside the driver in a moving vehicle.

The term most commonly refers to the substitution of the voices of the actors shown on the screen by those of different performers speaking a different language ; however the practice also involves the rerecording of audio segments and then synchronizing the recording with the existing footage.

The term " Quartodeciman " refers to the practice of celebrating Pascha or Easter on Nisan 14 of the Hebrew calendar, " the's passover " ().

Euthanasia ( from the meaning " good death ": εὖ, eu ( well or good ) + θάνατος, thanatos ( death )) refers to the practice of intentionally ending a life in order to relieve pain and suffering.

The term " pharaonic circumcision " ( Type III ) stems from its practice in Ancient Egypt under the Pharaohs, and " fibula " ( in " infibulation ") refers to the Roman practice of piercing the outer labia with a fibula, or brooch.

It refers to the practice of a company paying a high price to buy back shares of its own stock to prevent an unfriendly takeover by another company or businessman.

The term " hesychasm ", he said, refers to a practice of prayer marked by deep tranquillity of the spirit intent on contemplating God unceasingly by invoking the name of Jesus.

It refers to excellence achieved through long practice in any endeavor.

* Skeleton handles refers to the practice of using the tang itself as the handle, usually with sections of material removed to reduce weight.

In the People's Republic of China ( PRC ) since 1967, the terms Ultra-Left and left communist refers to political theory and practice self-defined as further " left " than that of the central Maoist leaders at the height of the GPCR (" Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution ").

Although the term lycanthropy properly speaking refers to metamorphosis into a wolf ( see werewolf ), lycanthropy is in popular practice used of transformation into any animal, even though the proper term is therianthropy.

It is synonymous with the concept of liberation ( moksha ) which refers to release from a state of suffering after an often lengthy period of committed spiritual practice.

Brichtothe states that it is " not mere sentimental respect for the physical remains that is ... the motivation for the practice, but rather an assumed connection between proper sepulture and the condition of happiness of the deceased in the afterlife " According to Brichtothe, the early Israelites apparently believed that the graves of family, or tribe, united into one, and that this unified collectivity is to what the Biblical Hebrew term Sheol refers.

According to halakha, a man may even study the Rashi on each Torah verse in fulfillment of the requirement to review the Parsha twice with Targum ( which normally refers to Targum Onkelos ) This practice is called in Hebrew: " Shnayim mikra ve-echad targum ".

Semantic HTML refers to the traditional HTML practice of markup following intention, rather than specifying layout details directly.

The term " invention of tradition ", introduced by E. J. Hobsbawm, refers to situations when a new practice or object is introduced in a manner that implies a connection with the past that is not necessarily present.

Universal precautions refers to the practice, in medicine, of avoiding contact with patients ' bodily fluids, by means of the wearing of nonporous articles such as medical gloves, goggles, and face shields.

In practice, the terms STS-1 and OC-1 are sometimes used interchangeably, though the OC designation refers to the signal in its optical form.

In physical security, the term access control refers to the practice of restricting entrance to a property, a building, or a room to authorized persons.