* Feminist economics

Feminist economics is the critical study of economics including its methodology, epistemology, history and empirical research, attempting to overcome pervasive androcentric ( male and patriarchal ) biases.

Feminist economics ultimately seeks to produce a more gender inclusive economics.

Feminist economists call attention to the social constructions of traditional economics, questioning the extent to which it is positive and objective, and showing how its models and methods are biased towards masculine preferences.

While detailed feminist critiques of traditional economics appeared in the 1970s and 80s, such as those of the Committee on the Status of Women in the Economics Profession ( CSWEP ) in 1972, feminist economics rapidly developed with the initiation of networks to support the careers of women in economics such as the Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era ( DAWN ) and in 1994, with the founding of the International Association for Feminist Economics ( IAFFE ) and the journal Feminist Economics.

Feminist economists pushed for and produced gender aware theory and analysis, broadened the focus on economics and sought pluralism of methodology and research methods.

" Feminist economists call attention to the value judgements in all aspects economics and criticize its depiction an objective science.

Feminist economics often assert that power relations exist within the economy, and therefore, must be assessed in economic models in ways that they previously have been overlooked.

Feminist economics argue that gender and race must be considered in economic analysis.

" Feminist economics holds that such a reformation provides a better description of the actual experiences of both men and women in the market, arguing that mainstream economics overemphasizes the role of individualism, competition and selfishness of all actors.

Feminist economics also includes study of norms relevant to economics, challenging the traditional view that material incentives will reliably provide the goods we want and need ( consumer sovereignty ), which does not hold true for many people.

Feminist economists, argue on the contrary that a mathematical conception of economics limited to scarce resources is a holdover from the early years of science and Cartesian philosophy, and limits economic analysis.

Feminist economists suggest that both the content and teaching style of economics courses would benefit from certain changes.

Feminist critiques of economics include that " economics, like any science, is socially constructed.

Feminist economists argue that people are more complex than such models, and call for " a more holistic vision of an economic actor, which includes group interactions and actions motivated by factors other than greed.

Feminist economists call for a shift in how economic success is measured.

Hacking observes, " the label ' social constructionism ' is more code than description " of every Leftist, Marxist, Freudian, and Feminist PostModernist to call into question every moral, sex, gender, power, and deviant claim as just another essentialist claim — including the claim that members of the male and female sex are inherently different, rather than historically and socially constructed.

Some women object to this or even find it offensive ( per Feminist support for Dutch date practice above ) so it is a judgment call.

Feminist theorists have paid close attention to these mechanisms.

The stunt, staged by advertising collective Studio total, gave Feminist Initiative widespread attention, but in the election, the party received only 0. 4 % of the votes.

This move received some Swedish media attention for the fact that one of the two co-leaders of the Feminist Initiative, Gudrun Schyman, had been convicted on another finance-related crime, tax evasion.

In 1982 The Feminist Press brought The Living Is Easy back into print, giving new attention to West and her role in the Harlem Renaissance.

Feminist scholar Levine sees much importance in Jesus being the child of a woman and feminine spirit.

* Feminist account of Luxemburg's importance by Beverly G. Merrick

Feminist theory, which emerged from these feminist movements, aims to understand the nature of gender inequality by examining women's social roles and lived experience ; it has developed theories in a variety of disciplines in order to respond to issues such as the social construction of sex and gender.

Feminist science fiction poses questions about social issues such as how society constructs gender roles, the role reproduction plays in defining gender and the unequal political and personal power of men and women.

Feminist spirituality may also object to images of God that they perceive as authoritarian, parental, or disciplinarian, instead emphasizing " maternal " attributes such as nurturing, acceptance, and creativity.

The changes under critical geography have led to contemporary approaches in the discipline such as Feminist geography, New cultural geography, and the engagement with postmodern and post structural theories and philosophies.

Feminist magazines such as The Furies, and Sinister Wisdom replaced The Ladder.

Feminist advocates within Orthodoxy have tended to stay within the traditional legal process of argumentation, seeking a gradualist approach, and avoiding wholesale arguments against the religious tradition as such.

* Feminist science fiction poses questions about social issues such as how society constructs gender roles, the role reproduction plays in defining gender and the unequal political and personal power of men and women.

Feminist critics believe that it adopts archaic attitudes toward women, such as worshiping them symbolically through stereotypes and sexist norms.

Feminist scholars and archeologists such as Marija Gimbutas, Gerda Lerner, and Riane Eisler describe their notion of a " woman-centered " society surrounding Mother Goddess worship throughout prehistory ( Paleolithic and Neolithic Europe ) and ancient civilizations, by using the term matristic rather than matriarchal.

Feminist thinking, on the other hand, may object to such models as patriarchal and posit against them emotionally-attuned, responsive, and consensual empathetic guidance, which is sometimes associated with matriarchies.

Feminist economists also point out that agency is not available to everyone, such as children, the sick, and the frail elderly.

Feminist economists such as Marilyn Power, Ellen Mutari and Deborah M. Figart have examined the gender pay gap and found that wage setting procedures are not primarily driven by market forces, but instead by the power of actors, cultural understandings of the value of work and what constitutes a proper living, and social gender norms.

Feminist economists see such variation as a crucial factor to be included in economics.

In the 1994 issue of Feminist Review, Professor Amalia Ziv of Ben-Gurion University described the trilogy as " definitely more of a comedy " when compared to darker BDSM novels such as Story of O, and commented that " like all comedies, it ends in marriage ".

She also starred in BBC productions such as The Faint-Hearted Feminist, A Woman Alone, Death of a Son, Calling the Shots and Fighting Back.

Feminist philosophers such as Judith Butler and Simone de Beauvoir contend that femininity and masculinity are created through repeated performances of gender ; these performances reproduce and define the traditional categories of sex and / or gender.

Feminist critics of Rawls, such as Susan Moller Okin, largely focused on weakness of Rawls ' in accounting for the injustices and hierarchies embedded in familial relations.

However, other journals such as Law, Culture and the Humanities, Unbound: The Harvard Journal of the Legal Left, The National Lawyers Guild Review, Social and Legal Studies and the Australian Feminist Law Journal all published avowedly critical legal research.