Feminist economists call attention to the social constructions of traditional economics, questioning the extent to which it is positive and objective, and showing how its models and methods are biased towards masculine preferences.

Feminist economists pushed for and produced gender aware theory and analysis, broadened the focus on economics and sought pluralism of methodology and research methods.

" Feminist economists call attention to the value judgements in all aspects economics and criticize its depiction an objective science.

Feminist economists may also consider the specific gendered effects of trade-decisions.

" Feminist economists often extend these criticisms to many aspects of the social world, arguing that power relations are an endemic and important feature of society.

Feminist economists argue that people are more complex than such models, and call for " a more holistic vision of an economic actor, which includes group interactions and actions motivated by factors other than greed.

Feminist economists also point out that agency is not available to everyone, such as children, the sick, and the frail elderly.

Feminist economists, argue on the contrary that a mathematical conception of economics limited to scarce resources is a holdover from the early years of science and Cartesian philosophy, and limits economic analysis.

" Feminist economists show that social constructs act to privilege male-identified, western, and heterosexual interpretations of economics.

Feminist economists often make a critical distinction that masculine bias in economics is primarily a result of gender, not sex.

Feminist economists say that mainstream economics has been disproportionately developed by European-descended, heterosexual, middle and upper-middle class men, and that this has led to suppression of the life experiences of the full diversity of the world's people, especially women, children and those in non-traditional families.

Feminist economists also examine early economic thinkers ' interaction or lack of interaction with gender and women's issues, showing examples of women's historical engagement with economic thought.

Feminist economists Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum created the human capabilities approach as an alternative way to assess economic success rooted in the ideas of welfare economics and focused on the individual's potential to do and be what he or she may choose to value.

Feminist economists modify these assumptions to account for exploitative sexual and gender relations, single-parent families, same-sex relationships, familial relations with children, and the consequences of reproduction.

Feminist economists join the UN and others in acknowledging care work, as a kind of work which includes all tasks involving caregiving, as central to economic development and human well-being.

Feminist economists study both paid and unpaid care work.

Feminist economists have argued that unpaid domestic work is as valuable as paid work, so measures of economic success should include unpaid work.

Feminist economists have also highlighted power and inequality issues within families and households.

Feminist economists seek to include the ramifications of this work in their data, analysis, and policy recommendations.

" Feminist economists have criticized the SNA for this exclusion, because by leaving out unpaid work, basic and necessary labor is ignored.

Feminist economists point out three main ways of determining the value of unpaid work: the opportunity cost method, replacement cost method, and input-output cost method.

Feminist economists such as Marilyn Power, Ellen Mutari and Deborah M. Figart have examined the gender pay gap and found that wage setting procedures are not primarily driven by market forces, but instead by the power of actors, cultural understandings of the value of work and what constitutes a proper living, and social gender norms.

Feminist economists ' work on globalization is diverse and multifaceted.

Feminist economists say too many theories claim to present universal principles but actually present a masculine viewpoint in the guise of a " view from nowhere ," so more varied sources of data collection are needed to mediate those issues.

Feminist science fiction provides a means to challenge the norms of society and suggest new standards for how societies view gender.

Feminist theory of psychoanalysis, articulated mainly by Julia Kristeva ( the " semiotic " and " abjection ") and Bracha Ettinger ( the feminine-prematernal-maternal matrixial Eros of borderlinking and com-passion, " matrixial trans-subjectivity " and the " primal mother-phantasies "), and informed both by Freud, Lacan and the Object relations theory, is very influential in gender studies.

" Feminist economist Eiman Zein-Elabdin says racial and gender differences should be examined since both have traditionally been ignored and thus are equally described as " feminist difference.

" Feminist economics holds that such a reformation provides a better description of the actual experiences of both men and women in the market, arguing that mainstream economics overemphasizes the role of individualism, competition and selfishness of all actors.

Feminist scholars have suggested that " emphases in her hymns both revealed and accelerated the feminizing of American evangelicalism ".

Feminist author Daphne DeMarneffe links larger feminist issues to both the devaluation of motherhood in contemporary society, as well as the delegitimization of " maternal desire " and pleasure in motherhood.

Mary Daly, for example, cited her in her work The Church and the Second Sex, while Judith Plaskow both published a dissertation on Saiving's essay ( entitled Sex, Sin and Grace: Women ’ s Experience and the Theologies of Reinhold Niebuhr and Paul Tillich ) and reproduced the 1960 article in her anthology Womanspirit Rising: A Feminist Reader in Religion.

Feminist sociology is a conflict theory and theoretical perspective which observes gender in its relation to power, both at the level of face-to-face interaction and reflexivity within a social structure at large.

Her identification with feminism and her focus on bioethics both occurred “ by accident ” during the writing of her first book, The Sceptical Feminist: A Philosophical Enquiry ( Routledge, 1980 ; Penguin, 1982 ) – bioethics being central to the abortion debate.

However, Chesler believes that men can and should be feminists, and she wrote in her book Letters to a Young Feminist that she envisions her heirs as both women and men.

Feminist critics are usually concerned with the fact that dualisms force false dichotomies ( partition of a whole ) onto women and men, failing to see that life is less either / or than both / and, as Relational Dialectics Theory holds.

The work of the Feminist Taskforce covered ground that overlapped with many of the other campaigns, and the FTF housed both the Gay / Lesbian Working Group and the AIDS Working Group.

* Feminist economics

Feminist economics is the critical study of economics including its methodology, epistemology, history and empirical research, attempting to overcome pervasive androcentric ( male and patriarchal ) biases.

Feminist economics ultimately seeks to produce a more gender inclusive economics.

While detailed feminist critiques of traditional economics appeared in the 1970s and 80s, such as those of the Committee on the Status of Women in the Economics Profession ( CSWEP ) in 1972, feminist economics rapidly developed with the initiation of networks to support the careers of women in economics such as the Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era ( DAWN ) and in 1994, with the founding of the International Association for Feminist Economics ( IAFFE ) and the journal Feminist Economics.

Feminist economics call attention to the importance of non-market activities, such as childcare and domestic work, to economic development.

Feminist economics often assert that power relations exist within the economy, and therefore, must be assessed in economic models in ways that they previously have been overlooked.

Feminist economics argue that gender and race must be considered in economic analysis.

Feminist economics also includes study of norms relevant to economics, challenging the traditional view that material incentives will reliably provide the goods we want and need ( consumer sovereignty ), which does not hold true for many people.

Feminist critiques of economics include that " economics, like any science, is socially constructed.