For their discovery and development of penicillin as a therapeutic drug, Ernst Chain, Howard Florey, and Alexander Fleming shared the 1945 Nobel Prize in Medicine.

Since the first pioneering efforts of Florey and Chain in 1939, the importance of antibiotics, including antibacterials, to medicine has led to intense research into producing antibacterials at large scales.

His best-known discoveries are the enzyme lysozyme in 1923 and the antibiotic substance penicillin from the mould Penicillium notatum in 1928, for which he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945 with Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain.

Fleming finally abandoned penicillin, and not long after he did, Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain at the Radcliffe Infirmary in Oxford took up researching and mass-producing it, with funds from the U. S. and British governments.

Fleming was modest about his part in the development of penicillin, describing his fame as the " Fleming Myth " and he praised Florey and Chain for transforming the laboratory curiosity into a practical drug.

But Sir Henry Harris said in 1998: " Without Fleming, no Chain ; without Chain, no Florey ; without Florey, no Heatley ; without Heatley, no penicillin.

* Fleming, Florey and Chain jointly received the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1945.

His work led to the purification of the antibiotic by Howard Florey, Ernst Boris Chain and Norman Heatley penicillin.

The development of penicillin for use as a medicine is attributed to the Australian Nobel laureate Howard Walter Florey, together with the German Nobel laureate Ernst Chain and the English biochemist Norman Heatley.

Florey ( pictured ), Fleming and Chain shared a Nobel Prize in 1945 for their work on penicillin.

In 1939, Australian scientist Howard Florey ( later Baron Florey ) and a team of researchers ( Ernst Boris Chain, Arthur Duncan Gardner, Norman Heatley, M. Jennings, J. Orr-Ewing and G. Sanders ) at the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford made significant progress in showing the in vivo bactericidal action of penicillin.

A team of Oxford research scientists led by Australian Howard Florey and including Ernst Boris Chain and Norman Heatley devised a method of mass-producing the drug.

Florey and Chain shared the 1945 Nobel Prize in Medicine with Fleming for their work.

* The Discovery of Penicillin, A government produced film about the discovery of Penicillin by Sir Alexander Fleming, and the continuing development of its use as an antibiotic by Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain.

* Physiology or Medicine – Sir Alexander Fleming, Ernst Boris Chain, Sir Howard Walter Florey

* August 24 – Howard Florey and a team including Ernst Chain and Norman Heatley at the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, publish their laboratory results showing the in vivo bactericidal action of penicillin.

Howard Walter Florey, Baron Florey, OM, FRS ( 24 September 1898 – 21 February 1968 ) was an Australian pharmacologist and pathologist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945 with Sir Ernst Boris Chain and Sir Alexander Fleming for his role in the making of penicillin.

Florey shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945 with Ernst Boris Chain and Alexander Fleming.

Fleming first observed the antibiotic properties of the mould that makes penicillin, but it was Chain and Florey who developed it into a useful treatment.

Shortly after the team published its first results in 1940, Fleming telephoned Howard Florey, Chain's head of department, to say that he would be visiting within the next few days.

Born in Paris, and at first a film journalist, Florey moved to the United States in September 1921.

In 1953 Florey was one of the first seasoned feature directors to turn to television, and he did not turn back.

* February 12-Reserve Constable Albert Alexander, a patient at the Radcliffe Infirmary in Oxford, becomes the first person treated with penicillin intravenously, by Howard Florey ’ s team.

Florey formally recognised Abraham ’ s work in 1948 by nominating him to be one of the first three “ penicillin ” research Fellows at Lincoln College, Oxford.

The first part of the name Combe Florey comes from cwm meaning valley, and the second part from Hugh de Fleuri who was lord of the manor around 1166.

Produced by Walter Wanger and the first sound movie to credit more than one director ( Robert Florey and Joseph Santley ), and was adapted to the screen by Morrie Ryskind from the George S. Kaufman Broadway play.

The Beast with Five Fingers ( 1946 ) is a horror film directed by Robert Florey and with a screenplay by Curt Siodmak, based on a short story by W. F. Harvey first published in the New Decameron.

The Institute was formally established in 1971 by the Victorian State Government and named after Howard Florey, the Australian Nobel prize winning scientist who isolated the active principle that is penicillin and developed the first manufacturing process for penicillin.

Florey credited Dubos with pioneering the approach of deliberately and systematically searching for antibacterial compounds, which had led to the discovery of gramicidin and had revived Florey's research in penicillin.

This was a higher honour than the knighthood awarded to penicillin's discoverer, Sir Alexander Fleming, and it recognised the monumental work Florey did in making penicillin available in sufficient quantities to save millions of lives in the war, despite Fleming's doubts that this was feasible.

A group of eminent Australian scholars were involved in the infancy of ANU, such as Sir Mark Oliphant, a leader in radar development and nuclear physics ; Sir Howard Florey, a co-discoverer of the benefits of penicillin ; Sir Keith Hancock, an eminent historian ; and H. C. Coombs, a renowned economist and public servant.

* August 24-Howard Florey and a team including Ernst Chain, Arthur Duncan Gardner, Norman Heatley, M. Jennings, J. Orr-Ewing and G. Sanders at the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, publish their laboratory results showing the in vivo bactericidal action of penicillin.

* Lord Florey, who shared the 1945 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for extraction of penicillin, was then invited to become president, though he also died within weeks.

Marston has had a number of notable residents, including members of the Oxford penicillin team: Howard Florey and his second wife Margaret Jennings, and Norman Heatley.

When Florey and his team recognised the potential of the discovery for combating bacterial infection, they faced the problem of how to manufacture penicillin in sufficient quantities to be of use.

Eventually Heatley and Florey travelled to the United States in 1941 because they wanted to produce about one kilogram of pure penicillin, and persuaded a laboratory in Peoria, Illinois, to develop larger scale manufacturing.

Since 1997, eminent neuroscientist, Professor Frederick Mendelsohn AO, has steered the Florey to become one of Australia ’ s premiere brain research institutes.

On 1 July 2007, the legislation that created the Howard Florey Institute of Experimental Physiology and Medicine was repealed, paving the way for the Florey to amalgamate with the Brain Research Institute and the National Stroke Research Institute to become collectively known as the Florey Neuroscience Institutes ( FNI ).

In 2006, as his 1937 film Daughter of Shanghai was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress, Florey was called " widely acclaimed as the best director working in major studio B-films ".

Occasionally, a place outside the United Kingdom can be named: for instance, the life peerage conferred on Howard Florey was created as Baron Florey, of Adelaide in the Commonwealth of Australia and of Marston in the County of Oxford.

The U. S. had some avant-garde films before World War II, such as Manhatta ( 1921 ) by Charles Sheeler and Paul Strand, and The Life and Death of 9413: a Hollywood Extra ( 1928 ) by Slavko Vorkapich and Robert Florey.

For many years, Marxian legend had it that Florey, who had never seen the Marxes ' work before, was put in the soundproof booth because he could not contain his laughter at the brothers ' spontaneous antics.