And others further, such as Deleuze and Guattari, Michel Foucault and, more recently, Manuel de Landa would criticize both of these two positions for mutually constituting the same old ontological ideology that would try to separate two parts of a whole that is greater than the sum of its parts.

Social critique has been further extended in the work of Michel Foucault and of Alasdair MacIntyre.

Proceeding to go into further depth in Part Two, " The Repressive Hypothesis ", Foucault notes that from the 17th century to the 1970s, there had actually been a " veritable discursive explosion " in the discussion of sex, albeit using an " authorized vocabulary " that codified where you could talk about it, when you could talk about it, and with whom.

As Foucault ’ s explicit definition is rather broad, perhaps further examination of this definition would be useful.

The journal, like the book, focuses on the further elaboration of the philosophical and political thought of the Italian operaismo, but seems also to rest on Foucault, Althusser, and Deleuze's thought.

Foucault elaborates further in his lecture courses on Biopower entitled Security, Territory, Population delivered at the Collège de France between January and April 1978

Foucault then goes on further to investigate what was the reasoning behind this modern biopolitical state racism.

Foucault then develops a holistic account of power and uses methods not too dissimilar to the astonishing and outstanding Medieval Islamic polymaths scholars Alhazen, Ibn Sīnā, and Ibn Khaldūn and to a lesser extant prominent science figures from 20th century science such as ; Gregory Bateson, James Lovelock ( the founder of Gaia hypothesis ) and Robert N. Proctor ( Proctor who coined the term Agnotology ) and urges us to think outside the box of this new kind of power, therefore, opening up the possibilities of further investigations into this new perceived, impenetrable nature of biopower and according to Foucault he asks us to remember, this type of power is never neutral nor is it independent from the rest of society but are embedded within society functioning as embellished ' control technology ' specifics. Foucault argues ; nation states, police, government, legal practices, human sciences and medical institutions have their own rationale, cause and effects, strategies, technologies, mechanisms and codes and have managed successfully in the past to obscure there workings by hiding behind observation and scrutiny.

Foucault further notices that political economy had a new tool called statistics founded by the Physiocrats economists ( another term for scientific government ) and it is with François Quesnay that this process can be found the very notion of economic government.

Foucault then further shows that raison d ' état wasn't much concerned with legality ( as we know the term ) but with political necessity ; politics is concerned with necessity and if necessary politics must become violent lending to coup d ' état ; this means that it is obliged to sacrifice, to sever, cause harm, and it is led to be unjust and murderous.

For Foucault, biopolitics isn't the acidic, human nature, political animal of Aristotle determined version which results in politic behaviour by human beings ; therefore making politic life normal and accepted by political analysis and is above any further rational scrutiny so often portrayed by such writers as Albert Somit, biopolitics for Foucault is political power exercised on whole populations in every aspect of human life.

Coining the phrases power-knowledge Foucault ( 1980 ) stated knowledge was both the creator of power and creation of power.

In the 1980s books like Anthropology and the Colonial Encounter pondered anthropology's ties to colonial inequality, while the immense popularity of theorists such as Antonio Gramsci and Michel Foucault moved issues of power and hegemony into the spotlight.

Following an interpretation of power similar to that of Machiavelli, Foucault defines power as immaterial, as a " certain type of relation between individuals " that has to do with complex strategic social positions that relate to the subject's ability to control its environment and influence those around itself.

According to Foucault, power is intimately tied with his conception of truth.

Political freedom has also been theorized in its opposition to ( and a condition of ) " power relations ", or the power of " action upon actions ," by Michel Foucault.

According to Foucault, it is the " effect " of power and " disciplines " ( See Discipline and Punish: construction of the subject as student, soldier, " criminal ", etc.

* Michel Foucault: Critiqued the modern conception of power on the basis of the prison complex and other prohibitive institutions, such as those that designate sexuality, madness and knowledge as the roots of their infrastructure, a critique which then demonstrated that subjection is the power formation of subjects in any linguistic forum and that revolution cannot just be thought as the reversal of power between classes.

Foucault was known for his controversial aphorisms, such as " language is oppression ", meaning that language functions in such a way as to render nonsensical, false or silent tendencies that might otherwise threaten or undermine the distributions of power backing a society's conventions-even when such distributions purport to celebrate liberation and expression or value minority groups and perspectives.

Following Nietzsche, Foucault argued that knowledge is produced through the operations of power, and changes fundamentally in different historical periods.

Using ideas about power and subjectification first broached by Michel Foucault in Discipline and Punish, and the linguistic theories of J. L. Austin, Butler argued that sex was an effect rather than the cause of social gender difference, and that the fiction of a stable core gender identity was maintained through socially coerced performances of gender.

Western philosopher Michel Foucault, claimed that as sexual subjects, humans are the object of power, which is not an institution or structure, rather it is a signifier or name attributed to " complex strategical situation ".

" Foucault traces the role of discourses in wider social processes of legitimating and power, emphasizing the construction of current truths, how they are maintained and what power relations they carry with them .” Foucault later theorized that discourse is a medium through which power relations produce speaking subjects.

Foucault ( 1977, 1980 ) argued that power and knowledge are inter-related and therefore every human relationship is a struggle and negotiation of power.

Discourse according to Foucault ( 1977, 1980, 2003 ) is related to power as it operates by rules of exclusion.

The most important French social theorist since Foucault and Lévi-Strauss is Pierre Bourdieu, who trained formally in philosophy and sociology and eventually held the Chair of Sociology at the Collège de France.

Michel Foucault argues in his essay " What is an author?

For a reader to assign the title of author upon any written work is to attribute certain standards upon the text which, for Foucault, are working in conjunction with the idea of " the author function ".

Expanding upon Foucault's position, Alexander Nehamas writes that Foucault suggests " an author [...] is whoever can be understood to have produced a particular text as we interpret it ", not necessarily who penned the text.

It is this distinction between producing a written work and producing the interpretation or meaning in a written work that both Barthes and Foucault are interested in.

Informed by the work of Noam Chomsky, Michel Foucault, and Antonio Gramsci, Edward Said is considered to be a founding figure for postcolonialism.

Often, the term " critical theory " is appropriated when an author ( perhaps most notably Michel Foucault ) works within sociological terms yet attacks the social or human sciences ( thus attempting to remain " outside " those frames of enquiry ).

Such theorists find narrative ( or, following Nietzsche and Foucault, genealogy ) to be a helpful tool for understanding ethics because narrative is always about particular lived experiences in all their complexity rather than the assignment of an idea or norm to separate and individuated actions.

Rabinow, a Foucault scholar interested in issues of the production of knowledge, used the topic to argue against the idea that scientific discovery is the product of individual work, writing, " Committees and science journalists like the idea of associating a unique idea with a unique person, the lone genius.

Michel Foucault is also often cited as an early postmodernist although he personally rejected that label.

Writers whose work is often characterised as post-structuralist include Jacques Derrida, Michel Foucault, Gilles Deleuze, Judith Butler, Jaques Lacan and Julia Kristeva.

Michel Foucault believed that modern political theory was too state-centric, saying " Maybe, after all, the state is no more than a composite reality and a mythologized abstraction, whose importance is a lot more limited than many of us think.

In terms of the two strands of social epistemology, Fuller is more sensitive and receptive to this historical trajectory ( if not always in agreement ) than Goldman, whose self-styled ' veritistic ' social epistemology can be reasonably read as a systematic rejection of the more extreme claims associated with Kuhn and Foucault.

Foucault's relation to Heidegger is a matter of considerable difficulty ; Foucault acknowledged Heidegger as a philosopher whom he read but never wrote about.

The French historian Michel Foucault is widely known for his comprehensive critique of the use and abuse of the mental hospital system in Madness and Civilization.

This conception of discourse is largely derived from the work of French philosopher Michel Foucault ( see below ).