As the governor did not want to pay the sailors for their defensive services, he told them they could take their pay from the French.

He issued French letters of marque and reprisal to French ships manned by American sailors so they could capture British merchant ships.

* 1940 4 July – French bombers, based in French Morocco, carried out a retaliatory air raid over Gibraltar as a reprisal for the destruction of the French fleet at Mers-el-Kebir, Algeria, by the Force H ( about 1, 300 French sailors were killed and about 350 were wounded in the action against the French fleet ).

After the Attack on Mers-el-Kébir in 1940, where the British fleet destroyed a large part of the French navy, still under command of Vichy France, that killed about 1, 100 sailors, there was nationwide indignation and a feeling of distrust in the French forces, leading to the events of the Battle of Dakar.

* 1868 – Sakai incident: Japanese samurai kill 11 French sailors in the port of Sakai near Osaka.

Silas Talbot engineered an expedition to Puerto Plata harbor in the Colony of Santo Domingo, a possession of France's ally Spain, on May 11, 1800 ; sailors and marines from the USS Constitution under Lieutenant Isaac Hull captured the French privateer Sandwich in the harbor and spiked the guns in the Spanish fort.

Flattering for Norman sailors, this argument gives credence also to the idea of a precedence of the French presence in the region, but it is not confirmed by subsequent work.

Civilian dead include 1, 509 merchant sailors and 3, 357 killed in air attacks and long range artillery bombardments The French government did not provide an estimate of civilian deaths in the war zone, however tertiary sources have estimated civilian war dead at 40, 000.

By the late 18th century, British and French sailors had begun to explore the Western Australian coast.

In due course, Spanish and other European sailors adopted the hobby of smoking rolls of leaves, as did the Conquistadors, and smoking primitive cigars spread to Spain and Portugal and eventually France, most probably through Jean Nicot, the French ambassador to Portugal, who gave his name to nicotine.

This same section also contains a monument to the French sailors who died at the Battle of Navarino ; the monument to the Russian dead of the same battle is on the island of Sphacteria, while the monument to the English dead is on another very small island near the centre of the port.

On his diplomatic mission in 1286, Edward had paid homage to the new king, Philip IV, but in 1294 Philip declared Gascony forfeit when Edward refused to appear before him in Paris to discuss the recent conflict between English, Gascon, and French sailors ( that had resulted in several French ships being captured, along with the sacking of the French port of La Rochelle ).

Before he could take delivery, French sailors had to fight Greek brigands for possession.

To gain public recognition and honours he set up a retirement home for French sailors, while a chair in aerodynamics at the University of Paris gave him the rank of an officer.

Six French sailors were killed and 17 British, with many more wounded.

This lofty disregard for others was not shared by such men as Pierre Flotte and his associates, that `` brilliant group of mediocre men '', as Powicke calls them, who provided the brains for the French embassy that came to Rome under the nominal leadership of the archbishop of Narbonne, the duke of Burgundy, and the count of St.-Pol.

This work, written in his native French tongue, and its philosophical principles, provided a foundation for Infinitesimal calculus in Europe.

The first of these scientific concepts of acids and bases was provided by the French chemist Antoine Lavoisier, circa 1776.

In 1794, this fortress was used by the French astronomer Pierre François André Méchain for observations relating to a survey stretching to Dunkirk that provided the official basis of the measurement of a metre.

The distractions provided by Heureux, Mercure and Justice allowed Villeneuve to bring most of the surviving French ships to the mouth of the bay at 11: 00.

In 1956 French legislation eliminated certain voting inequalities and provided for the creation of some organs of self-government in each territory.

However, since primogeniture and the Salic Law provided for the succession of the French throne for most of French history, here is a list of all the predecessors of the French monarchy, all the French kings from Hugh until Charles, and all the Legitimist pretenders thereafter.

The languages of Aboriginal peoples in Canada started to influence European languages used in Canada even before widespread settlement took place, and the French of Lower Canada provided vocabulary to the English of Upper Canada.

The most common derivation provided in English dictionaries is from the Alpine French dialect pronunciation of the word Chrétien ("( a ) Christian "), which was a greeting there.

Also, Zaire's allies provided a large influx of military equipment, and Belgian, French, and American advisers assisted in rebuilding and retraining the force.

Yehonatan Shimʻon Frenḳel writes that '.. the .. Air Wing was formed after the 1987 coup, when the French provided two helicopters as part of its military aid package.

In December 1914, French aviator Roland Garros asked Saulnier to install his synchronization gear on Garros ' Morane-Saulnier Type L. Unfortunately the gas-operated Hotchkiss machine gun he was provided had an erratic rate of fire and it was impossible to synchronize it with a spinning propeller.

The tree was chosen as a symbol of the French Revolution because it is a symbol of fertility in French folklore, which provided a simple transition from revering it for one reason to another.

This system, known as the corvée, originated in the unpaid labor that French peasants provided to their feudal lords.

In 1560 Marie de Guise died, and soon after the Auld Alliance also died, with the signing of the Treaty of Edinburgh, which provided for the removal of French and English troops from Scotland.

On becoming king, Louis issued a constitution known as the Charter which preserved many of the liberties won during the French Revolution and provided for a parliament composed of an elected Chamber of Deputies and a Chamber of Peers that was nominated by the king.

In 2008, the French government provided $ 180 million of the Louvre's yearly $ 350 million budget ; the remainder came from private contributions and ticket sales.

However, a rudimentary network begun under French colonial rule and continued from the 1950s has provided an important means of increased intervillage communication, movement of market goods, and a focus for new settlements.

His works provided the chief inspiration for French and English comedies of the 1600s, and even for modern American comedy.

Although the nationalistic fervor sweeping French West Africa at this time was largely absent in Mauritania, continuous politicking ( averaging one election every eighteen months between 1946 and 1958 ) provided training for political leaders and awakened a political consciousness among the populace.

The revised Constitution of Monaco, proclaimed in 1962, abolished capital punishment, provided for female suffrage, established a Supreme Court to guarantee fundamental liberties and made it difficult for a French national to transfer his or her residence there.

The riotous onrush of industrialism after the War for Southern Independence and the general secular drift to the Religion of Humanity, however, prepared the way for a reception of the French Revolution's socialistic offspring of one sort of another.

In spite of the armistice negotiated by Amadee two years earlier, the war between Bishop Guillaume of Lausanne and Louis of Savoy was still going on, and although little is known about it, that little proves that it was yet another phase of the struggle against French expansion and was closely interwoven with the larger conflict.

So it was that when Mr. Brown and Mr. Sharpe first saw the French tool on exhibition in Paris in 1868, they brought a sample with them to the United States and started Brown & Sharpe in yet another field where it retains its leadership to this day.

It truly relives another age for the inhabitants use carriages rather than autos and old British and French forts are left intact for tourists to visit and record.

The al-prefix was probably added through confusion with another legal term, allegeance, an " allegation " ( the French allegeance comes from the English ).

It has no etymological connection in French with Agincourt, Meurthe-et-Moselle ( attested as Egincourt 875 ), which is derived from another Germanic male name * Ingin -.

As this expansion into current languages ( mainly Italian and French ) and current topics continued, the press took on another role and made perhaps even more important contributions.

The Spanish parliament chose amongst several candidates, including a French Prince, which led to the Franco-Prussian War, when Bismarck refused to have another Frenchman in the Spanish Throne.

He wrote another book, Maxims of the Roman Law and some of the Ancient French Law, as Expounded and Applied in Doctrine and Jurisprudence.

Abettor ( from to abet, Old French abeter, à and beter, to bait, urge dogs upon any one ; this word is probably of Scandinavian origin, meaning to cause to bite ), is a legal term implying one who instigates, encourages or assists another to commit an offence.

To ensure that in the smoke and confusion of a night battle his ships would not accidentally open fire on one another, Nelson ordered that each ship prepare four horizontal lights at the head of their mizenmast and also to hoist an illuminated White Ensign, which was different enough from the French tricolour that it would not be mistaken in poor visibility, reducing the risk that British ships might fire on one another in the darkness.

However, this statement for integers can be found already in the work of another French mathematician, Claude Gaspard Bachet de Méziriac ( 1581 – 1638 ).

It failed to convene after another war broke out between France and Charles V, resulting in a non-attendance of French prelates.

Berthollet was engaged in a long-term battle with another French chemist Joseph Proust on the validity of the law of definite proportions.

The prohibitive cost of maintaining the colony, France's last outpost on the continent, was another factor that compelled observers to doubt that the French would attempt to hold on to the territory.

In response to Hobbes, the French Philosopher Rene Descartes ( 1596 – 1650 ) developed Cartesian Dualism, which posits that there is a divisible, mechanical body and an indivisible, immaterial mind which interact with one another.

An emperor ( through Old French empereor from Latin imperator ) is a ( male ) monarch, usually the sovereign ruler of an empire or another type of imperial realm.

Despite the success of the expedition, the quelling of sporadic rebellions would take another eight years until 1905, when the island was completely pacified by the French under Joseph Gallieni.

Reflecting the divided loyalties of the time, part of the Foreign Legion joined the Free French movement while another part served the Vichy government.

However, the verb " attend " in English is translated as assister in French and asistir in Spanish, both of which could be further misinterpreted as equivalent to the English " assist ", which means " to help " ( which is also another meaning of the Spanish's asistir ).

He was embarrassed by a friendly fire episode in which his unit and another British unit thought the other was the French enemy and opened fire, with 14 dead and 26 wounded in the mishap.

His adaptation of a French operetta by Émile Jonas called The Two Harlequins opened the new Gaiety Theatre, London in 1868, together with his distant cousin, W. S. Gilbert's, Robert the Devil and another piece.