Don Pietro Tommasi, instruction in the German language, and European literature.

Alexandrines are common in the German literature of the Baroque period and in French poetry of the early modern and modern periods.

Though the notion of a German blitzkrieg concept or doctrine survive in popular consciousness and popular literature, and many professional historians also still support the thesis.

In 19th and early 20th century literature, particularly German medical literature, liquor cerebrospinalis was a term used to refer to CSF.

According to old German literature, dragoons were invented by Count Ernst von Mansfeld, one of the greatest German military commanders, in the early 1620s.

He noted that the German society was " far more scientific, far more interested in life histories and breeding bird species, as well as in reports on recent literature.

There, English literature, French, Italian and German, as well as deportment, were taught.

His plays and theoretical writings substantially influenced the development of German literature.

German literature comprises those literary texts written in the German language.

This includes literature written in Germany, Austria, the German part of Switzerland, and to a lesser extent works of the German diaspora.

An early flowering of German literature is the Middle High German period of the High Middle Ages.

Modern literature in German begins with the authors of the Enlightenment ( such as Herder ) and reaches its classical form at the turn of the 18th century with Weimar Classicism ( Goethe and Schiller ).

Periodization is not an exact science but the following list contains movements or time periods typically used in discussing German literature.

It seems worth noting that the periods of medieval German literature span two or three centuries, those of early modern German literature span one century, and those of modern German literature each span one or two decades.

The conventional symbol Z comes from the German word meaning number / numeral / figure, which prior to the modern synthesis of ideas from chemistry and physics, merely denoted an element's numerical place in the periodic table.

For example, the word " Amerika " in German has a one-to-one equivalence to its meaning in modern English: it may denote North America, South America, or both, and in some instances refers to the United States only.

The term " aesthetics " was appropriated and coined with new meaning in the German form Æsthetik ( modern spelling Ästhetik ) by Alexander Baumgarten in 1735.

The name is usually derived from a toponym, Angeln, from a Germanic word * anguz meaning " narrow " ( modern High German " eng ") or " angular " ( of the shape of the Jutland peninsula ).

The rest of that people stayed at the centre of the Angle homeland in the northeastern portion of the modern German Bundesland of Schleswig-Holstein, on the Jutland Peninsula.

Hot dogs and hamburgers are both based on traditional German dishes, brought by German immigrants to the United States, but in their modern popular form they can be reasonably considered American dishes.

Armida was translated into German and widely performed, especially in the northern German states, where it helped to establish Salieri's reputation as an important and innovative modern composer It would also be the first opera to receive a serious preparation in a piano and vocal reduction by Carl Friedrich Cramer in 1783.

The heaviest armored cars, such as the German, World War II era SdKfz 234 or the modern, US M1128 Mobile Gun System, mount the same guns that arm medium tanks.

* Vasconic substratum hypothesis: This proposal, by the German linguist Theo Vennemann, claims that there is enough toponymical evidence to conclude that Basque is the only survivor of a larger family that once extended throughout most of Europe, and has also left its mark in modern Indo-European languages spoken in Europe.

Brewers of modern dopplebocks often add "- ator " to their beer's name as a signpost of the style ; there are 200 "- ator " doppelbock names registered with the German patent office.

Consequently, modern Bulgarian is about as far from Russian as Swedish is from German.

Its first modern incidence in biological warfare were when Scandinavian " freedom fighters " supplied by the German General Staff used anthrax with unknown results against the Imperial Russian Army in Finland in 1916.

The Basel region, culturally extending into German Baden-Württemberg and French Alsace, reflects the heritage of its three states in the modern Latin name: " Regio TriRhena ".

Recently Croatian Railways introduced a series of modern tilting trains produced by the German branch of Bombardier Transportation.

In 18th and 19th century Germany, several thousand local languages of the continental west Germanic dialect continuum were reclassified as dialects of modern New High German although the vast majority of them were ( and still are ) mutually incomprehensible, despite the fact that they all existed long before New High German, which had at least in part been shaped as a compromise or mediative language between these local languages.

However as Old Castilian became modern Spanish, the pronunciation of the sh sound changed, and came to be pronounced with a voiceless velar fricative sound like the Scottish or German ch and today the Spanish pronunciation of " Quixote " is.

In its modern incarnation, the dachshund is a creation of German breeders and includes elements of German, French, and English hounds and terriers.

The original German dachshunds were larger than the modern full-size variety, weighing between, and originally came in straight-legged and crook-legged varieties ( the modern dachshund is descended from the latter ).

While previously held elsewhere within or near the capital city, since 1918 it has been held on the Champs-Élysées, with the evident agreement of the Allies as represented in the Versailles Peace Conference, and with the exception of the period of German occupation from 1940 to 1944.

During the interwar period, aircraft and tank technologies matured and were combined with systematic application of the German tactics of infiltration and bypassing of enemy strong points.

In response, German officers attended technical schools during this period of rebuilding after the war.

The Trekboers, as they were originally known, were mainly of Dutch origin and included Calvinists, such as Flemish and Frisian Calvinists, as well as French Huguenot and German and British protestants who first arrived in the Cape of Good Hope during the period of its administration ( 1652 – 1795 ) by the Dutch East India Company ( Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie or VOC ).

The Cretaceous (, ), derived from the Latin " creta " ( chalk ), usually abbreviated K for its German translation Kreide ( chalk ), is a geologic period and system from circa to million years ( Ma ) ago.

At the point the German ships opened fire with accurately determined ranges for their guns, Beatty's ships were still maneuvering, some could not see the enemy because of their own smoke, and hardly any had the opportunity of a period of steady course as they approached to properly determine target range.

The discoveries of Paul Broca were made during the same period of time as the German Neurologist Carl Wernicke, who was also studying brains of aphasiacs post-mortem and identified the region now known as Wernicke's area.

This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon ( Middle Low German ) during the period of German rule, and High German ( including standard German ).

The word flute first entered the English language during the Middle English period, as floute ,, or else flowte, flo ( y ) te, possibly from Old French flaute and from Old Provençal flaüt, or else from Old French fleüte, flaüte, flahute via Middle High German floite or Danish fluit.

For the first time in many years, German audiences had free access to cinema from around the world and in this period the films of Charlie Chaplin remained popular, as were melodramas from the United States.

Nonetheless, the share of the film market for German films in this period and into the 1950s remained relatively large, taking up some 40 percent of the total market.

Many of the German films of the immediate post-war period can be characterised as belonging to the genre of the Trümmerfilm ( literally " rubble film ").

Most of the futuristic-themed films of this period have been lost, but critics cite Thais by Anton Giulio Bragaglia ( 1917 ) as one of the most influential, serving as the main inspiration for the upcoming German Expressionist cinema.

In April 1917, during a brief period of German aerial supremacy, a grandstanding Member of Parliament ( upset at the lack of orders for his own aircraft manufacturing firm ) claimed that, on the Western Front, a British pilot's average life expectancy was 93 flying hours, or about three weeks of active service.

Beginning with the replacement of the Reichsmark with the Deutsche Mark as legal tender, a lasting period of low inflation and rapid industrial growth was overseen by the government led by German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer and his minister of economics, Ludwig Erhard, raising West Germany from total wartime devastation to one of the most developed nations in modern Europe.

The Old High German period is reckoned to run until about the mid-11th century, though the boundary to Early Middle High German ( second half of the 11th century ) is not clear-cut.