On the other hand, the bright vision of the future has been directly stated in science fiction concerned with projecting ideal societies -- science fiction, of course, is related, if sometimes distantly, to that utopian literature optimistic about science, literature whose period of greatest vigor in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries produced Edward Bellamy's Looking Backward and H. G. Wells's A Modern Utopia.

Modern Algerian literature, split between Arabic, Kabyle and French, has been strongly influenced by the country's recent history.

* Early Modern German literature ( see Early Modern literature )

* Modern German literature

Modern waka poets like Masaoka Shiki and Saito Mokichi considered him one of greatest poets in the history of Japanese literature.

For a study of the various ways Glyndŵr has been portrayed in Welsh-language literature of the modern period, see E. Wyn James, Glyndŵr a Gobaith y Genedl: Agweddau ar y Portread o Owain Glyndŵr yn Llenyddiaeth y Cyfnod Modern ( English: Glyndower and the Hope of the Nation: Attitudes to the Portrait of Owen Glyndower in Modern Age Literature ) ( Aberystwyth: Cymdeithas Llyfrau Ceredigion, 2007 ).

Other prominent academics associated with the University include Geoffrey Bennington, the creator of the MA programme in Modern French Thought ( Derrida, Lyotard ); Homi K. Bhabha ( postcolonialism ); Rachel Bowlby ( feminism, Woolf, Freud ); Geoff Cloke FRS ( Inorganic Chemistry ); Jonathan Dollimore ( Renaissance literature, gender and queer studies ); Katy Gardner ( social anthropology ); Gabriel Josipovici ( Dante, the Bible ); Michael Land FRS ( Animal Vision-Frink Medal )); Michael Lappert FRS ( Inorganic Chemistry ); Alan Lehmann FRS ( Genetics and Genome Stability ); ( Laura Marcus ( Woolf ); John Murrell FRS ( Theoretical Chemistry ); Peter Nicholls ( Pound, modernism ); John Nixon FRS ( Inorganic Chemistry )); Laurence Pearl FRS ( Structural Biology ); Guy Richardson FRS ( Neuroscience ); Jacqueline Rose ( feminism, psychoanalysis ); Nicholas Royle ( modern literature and theory ; deconstruction ); Alan Sinfield ( Shakespeare, sexuality, queer theory ); Norman Vance ( Victorian, classical reception ); Richard Whatmore & Knud Haakonssen ( intellectual historians ); Gavin Ashenden ( Senior Lecturer in English, University Chaplain, and Chaplain to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II ; Cedric Watts ( Conrad, Greene ); Marcus Wood ( postcolonialism ).

Modern western knotting literature has the name for these related knots deriving from stories or legends in which the knots symbolize the connection between a couple in love.

The word for a heretic in the Talmudic literature is " Apiqoros " ( אפיקורוס ), and Epicurus is titled in Modern Greek idiom as the " Dark Philosopher ".

Modern authors from the Czech territory who wrote in other languages ( e. g. German ) are however sometimes considered separately, thus Franz Kafka, for example, who wrote in German ( though he was also fluent in Czech ), is often considered part of Austrian or German literature.

Byzantine literature refers to literature of the Byzantine Empire written in Atticizing, Medieval and early Modern Greek.

Modern Greek literature refers to literature written in common Modern Greek, emerging from late Byzantine times in the 11th century AD.

Modern children's literature is classified in different ways, including by genre or the intended age of the reader.

Modern literature is still evolving and a religious biography of women titled delog is a popular religious work.

German Alpen is the accusative in origin, but was made the nominative in Modern German, whence also Alm.

Modern weapons include the Russian ZSU-23-4 Shilka and Tunguska-M1, South Korean K30 Biho and K263A1 radar-guided Vulcan, Chinese Type 95 SPAAA, Swedish CV9040 AAV, Polish PZA Loara, American M6 Bradley Linebacker and M1097 Humvee Avenger, Yugoslavian BOV-3, Canadian ADATS, aging German Gepard, Japanese Type 87 SPAAG and similar versions with the British Marksman turret ( which was also adapted for a number of other users ), Italian SIDAM 25 and Otomatic, and versions of the French AMX-13.

* Corum, James S. ( 1992 ) The Roots of Blitzkrieg: Hans von Seeckt and German Military Reform, Modern War Studies.

* Sinesi, Michael Patrick ( 2001 ) Modern Bewegungskrieg: German Battle Doctrine, 1920 – 1940.

Translations into the vernacular were done by famous notables, including King Alfred ( Old English ), Jean de Meun ( Old French ), Geoffrey Chaucer ( Middle English ), Queen Elizabeth I ( Early Modern English ), and Notker Labeo ( Old High German ).

Examples of cognates in Indo-European languages are the words night ( English ), nuit ( French ), Nacht ( German ), nacht ( Dutch ), nag ( Afrikaans ), nicht ( Scots ), natt ( Swedish, Norwegian ), nat ( Danish ), nátt ( Faroese ), nótt ( Icelandic ), noc ( Czech, Slovak, Polish ), ночь, noch ( Russian ), ноќ, noć ( Macedonian ), нощ, nosht ( Bulgarian ), ніч, nich ( Ukrainian ), ноч, noch / noč ( Belarusian ), noč ( Slovene ), noć ( Serbo-Croatian ), νύξ, nyx ( Ancient Greek, νύχτα / nyhta in Modern Greek ), nox ( Latin ), nakt-( Sanskrit ), natë ( Albanian ), noche ( Spanish ), nos ( Welsh ), nueche ( Asturian ), noite ( Portuguese and Galician ), notte ( Italian ), nit ( Catalan ), noapte ( Romanian ), nakts ( Latvian ) and naktis ( Lithuanian ), all meaning " night " and derived from the Proto-Indo-European ( PIE ), " night ".

Another Indo-European example is star ( English ), str-( Sanskrit ), tara ( Hindi-Urdu ), étoile ( French ), ἀστήρ ( astēr ) ( Greek or ἀστέρι / ἄστρο, asteri / astro in Modern Greek ), stella ( Italian ), aster ( Latin ) stea ( Romanian and Venetian ), stairno ( Gothic ), astl ( Armenian ), Stern ( German ), ster ( Dutch and Afrikaans ), starn ( Scots ), stjerne ( Norwegian and Danish ), stjarna ( Icelandic ), stjärna ( Swedish ), stjørna ( Faroese ), setāre ( Persian ), stoorei ( Pashto ), seren ( Welsh ), steren ( Cornish ), estel ( Catalan ), estrella Spanish, estrella Asturian and Leonese, estrela ( Portuguese and Galician ) and estêre or stêrk ( Kurdish ), from the PIE, " star ".

The term dagger is coined in this time, as are the Early Modern German equivalents dolch ( tolch ) and degen ( tegen ).

Modern German features the cognate term Ostern, but otherwise, Germanic languages generally use the non-native term pascha for the event.

The first languages for which standardisation was promoted included Italian (" questione della lingua ": Modern Tuscan / Florentine vs. Old Tuscan / Florentine vs. Venetian > Modern Florentine + archaic Tuscan + Upper Italian ), French ( the standard is based on Parisian ), English ( the standard is based on the London dialect ) and ( High ) German ( based on the dialects of the chancellery of Meissen in Saxony, Middle German and the chancellery of Prague in Bohemia (" Common German ")).

The Modern German Elf ( m ), Elfe ( f ), Elfen is a loan from English.

The Wannsee Conference, the Fate of German Jews, and Hitler's decision in principle to exterminate all European Jews, The Journal of Modern History.

The Modern English word " fox " is Old English, and comes from the Proto-Germanic word fukh – compare German Fuchs, Gothic fauho, Old Norse foa and Dutch vos.

* Felicity Rash, 1996: " Rauhe Männer-Zarte Frauen: Linguistic and Stylistic Aspects of Gender Stereotyping in German Advertising Texts 1949-1959 " in The Web Journal of Modern Language Linguistics, Issue 1, 1996.

Among modern languages, cases still feature prominently in most of the Balto-Slavic languages, with most having six to eight cases, as well as Icelandic, German and Modern Greek, which have four.

Some forms rather more familiar to Modern Japanese speakers begin to appear – the continuative ending-te begins to reduce onto the verb ( e. g. yonde for earlier yomite ), the-k-in the final syllable of adjectives drops out ( shiroi for earlier shiroki ); and some forms exist where modern standard Japanese has retained the earlier form ( e. g. hayaku > hayau > hayɔɔ, where modern Japanese just has hayaku, though the alternative form is preserved in the standard greeting o-hayō gozaimasu " good morning "; this ending is also seen in o-medetō " congratulations ", from medetaku ).

Modern scientific instruments can extensively process " observations " before they are presented to the human senses, and particularly with computerized instruments, there is sometimes a question as to where in the data processing chain " observing " ends and " drawing conclusions " begins.

Modern phonetics begins with attempts — such as those of Joshua Steele ( in Prosodia Rationalis, 1779 ) and Alexander Melville Bell ( in Visible Speech, 1867 ) — to introduce systems of precise notation for speech sounds.

Modern scholarship on Proclus essentially begins with E. R.

Modern preambles are sometimes structured as a single very long sentence formatted into multiple paragraphs for readability, in which each of the paragraphs begins with a verb ( desiring, recognizing, having, and so on ).

Modern US 80 begins as a significant component of the urban freeway system of Dallas, Texas.

Modern biblical criticism begins with the 17th century philosophers and theologians-Thomas Hobbes, Benedict Spinoza, Richard Simon and others-who began to ask questions about the origin of the biblical text, especially the Pentateuch ( the first five books of the Old Testament-Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy ).

Modern philosophy traditionally begins with René Descartes and his dictum " I think, therefore I am ".

The following works are in Special Collections ( MSA SC 5547 ) at the Maryland State Archives in Annapolis: Conceptions of Modern Psychiatry, Soundscriber Transcriptions ( Feb. 1945-May 1945 ); Lectures 1-97 ( begins Oct. 2, 1942 ); Georgetown University Medical School Lectures ( 1939 ); Personal Psychopathology ( 1929 – 1933 ); The Psychiatry of Character and its Deviations-undated notes.

Modern radiotelephony and aviation uses spelling alphabets ( the best-known of which is the NATO Phonetic Alphabet, which begins with Alpha, Bravo, Charlie, Delta ...) in which the letters of the English alphabet are arbitrarily assigned words and names in an acrophonic manner to avoid misunderstanding.

The history of literature in the Modern period in Europe begins with the Age of Enlightenment and the conclusion of the Baroque period in the 18th century, succeeding the Renaissance and Early Modern periods.

In the classical literary cultures outside of Europe, the Modern period begins later,

Modern conservatism began to emerge, as " the eighteenth century begins to be the object of a vast intellectual disapproval " ( ibid., p. 28 ).

The Modern Benoni usually begins after the moves 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 ( or Nf3 ) c5 4. d5 exd5 5. cxd5 d6 or 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 c5 3. d5 e6 4. Nc3 ( or Nf3 ) exd5 5. cxd5 d6.

1976: Modern deer stocking begins with mass stocking techniques and check stations.

Modern history begins with Marthanda Varma, 1729 CE – 1758 CE, who is generally regarded as the Father of modern Travancore.