Given some encrypted data (" ciphertext "), the goal of the cryptanalyst is to gain as much information as possible about the original, unencrypted data (" plaintext ").

Given the elder Pei's history with the bank before the Communist takeover, government officials visited the 89-year-old man in New York to gain approval for his son's involvement.

Given that the decree was issued at Memphis, the ancient capital of Egypt, rather than Alexandria, the centre of government of the ruling Ptolemies, it is evident that the young king was anxious to gain their active support.

Given his privileged economic status at the time of the rise in the popularity of football, Wreford-Brown was one of a select few who were able to play sports for no monetary gain whatsoever.

Given the mixed member proportional representation system used to elect its members, it is difficult for a single party to gain an overall majority of seats in the Scottish Parliament.

Given the diminishing cost of communication and information sharing ( by analogy to the low cost of storage and distribution, in the case of e-tailers ), long-tailed user driven innovation will gain importance for businesses.

Given the tonal design of the train whistle, the sound level, how often trains pass through a given community, the number of grade crossings in proximity, and the time of day ( night ) of occurrence, community residents residing near crossing sometimes feel that train whistles have a serious detrimental effect on the quality of life despite the gain in safety that sounding the horn provides to motorists.

However he lost his place again when Given was fit, though another injury to Given later in the season allowed Harper to gain more first team appearances under the new boss, and the manager who first brought him to Newcastle, Kevin Keegan.

Given that Palliser's Act required producers to pre-pay their labourers for the fishing season, producers developed little incentive to hire outside of their families: hired labour was high risk because pre-paid wages reduced producers ' margin for gain ( or loss ).

Given the opportunity, Control decks can gain card advantage by answering multiple threats with one spell, stopping expensive threats with cheaper spells, and drawing multiple cards or forcing the opponent to discard multiple cards with one spell.

Given a theological lead, I asked what he thinks about those who find a religious significance to his plays.

Idealists are skeptics about the physical world, maintaining either: 1 ) that nothing exists outside the mind, or 2 ) that we would have no access to a mind-independent reality even if it may exist ; the latter case often takes the form of a denial of the idea that we can have unconceptualised experiences ( see Myth of the Given ).

Given the then GDP ($ 7. 095 bln ) of the country, military spending is roughly estimated to be about $ 300 million.

Given enough of it, the inhabitants of planet Earth would have nothing to fight about.

Given earlier debates by Christian authors about the existence of Jesus, e. g. in Justin Martyr's 2nd century Dialogue with Trypho, it would have been expected that the passage from Josephus would have been used as a component of the arguments.

Given the same set of verifiable facts, some societies or individuals will have a fundamental disagreement about what one ought to do based on societal or individual norms, and one cannot adjudicate these using some independent standard of evaluation.

Given a syscall that does nothing, a full round-trip under BSD would require about 40μs, whereas on a user-space Mach system it would take just under 500μs.

Given that both A and not-A are seen to be “ true ,” Kant concludes that it ’ s not that “ God doesn ’ t exist ” but that there is something wrong with how we are asking questions about God and how we have been using our rational faculties to talk about universals ever since Plato got us started on this track!

Given the initial energy of 20 TJ, the Space Shuttle is about 16 % energy efficient at launching the orbiter.

Given a parameter or hypothesis about which one wishes to make inference, statistical inference most often uses:

Given Cerion's extensive geographic diversity, Gould later lamented that if Christopher Columbus had only cataloged a single Cerion it would have ended the scholarly debate about which island Columbus had first set foot on in America.

Given concerns about the previous programs using nuclear-tipped interceptors, in the 1980s the U. S. Army began studies about the feasibility of hit-to-kill vehicles, i. e. interceptor missiles that would destroy incoming ballistic missiles just by colliding with them head-on.

Similarly, Hare refers to “ the crude caricature of act utilitarianism which is the only version of it that many philosophers seem to be acquainted with .” Given what Bentham says about second order evils it would be a serious misrepresentation to say that he and similar act utilitarians would be prepared to punish an innocent person for the greater good.

Given current trends in the UMC — with overseas churches growing, especially in Africa, and U. S. churches collectively losing about 1, 000 members a week — it has been estimated that Africans will make up at least 30 % of the delegates at the 2012 General Conference, and it is also possible that 40 % of the delegates will be from outside the U. S. One Congolese bishop has estimated that typical Sunday attendance of the UMC is higher in his country than in the entire United States.

Given a particular wing and its velocity through the air, debates over which mathematical approach is the most convenient to use can be misperceived by novices as differences of opinion about the basic principles of flight.

Given inefficiencies in the heat transfer, the actual NERVA designs were planned to produce about 5 GW, which would make them the largest nuclear reactors in the world.

Given the low efficiency of the laser amplification process ( about 1 to 1. 5 %), and the losses in generation ( steam-driven turbine systems are typically about 35 % efficient ), fusion gains would have to be on the order of 350 just to break even.

Given the choice between playing a game at an arcade three or four times ( perhaps 15 minutes of play for a typical arcade game ), and renting, at about the same price, exactly the same game — for a video game console — the console became the preferred choice.

" Given that there's a gulf of 100, 000, 000 light years, he checks his diary to find out what he had been doing that day, and finds out that it was something he wished to hide.

Given that the cost of replacing an executive can run over 100 % of his or her annual salary, any investment of time and energy in re-recruitment will likely pay for itself many times over if it helps a business retain just a handful of key players that would have otherwise left.

" or " Given that I have flipped a coin 100 times and it has landed heads-up 100 times, what is the likelihood that the coin is fair?

Given local and transient influences on surface height, the values defined below are based on a " general purpose " model, refined as globally precisely as possible within 5 m of reference ellipsoid height, and to within 100 m of mean sea level ( neglecting geoid height ).

Given 100 balls, some of them red and some blue, a human with normal color vision can easily separate them into red ones and blue ones.

Given that both companies have a work force of approximately 100, 000 employees, and a U. S. employment base of roughly 20, 000 H-1B holders, this indicates that roughly 1 / 5 of the Indian workforce of Infosys & Wipro applied for a visa in 2006.

Given the absence of direct epidemiological evidence, there is considerable debate as to whether the dose-response relationship < 100 mSv is supralinear, linear ( LNT ), has a threshold or sub-linear i. e. a hormetic response.

Given the number of players seeking asylum, the Eritrean government began requiring athletes to pay a 100, 000 nakfa surety before traveling abroad.

Given a single, stereoisomerically pure starting material, a stereospecific mechanism will give 100 % of a particular stereoisomer ( or no reaction ), although loss of stereochemical integrity can easily occur through competing mechanisms with different stereochemical outcomes.

Given those statistics, it is estimated that the population of Lira District in 2010, was about 368, 100.

Given that less than 10 % of these will have neurological involvement, and possibly later on in their disease course, neurosarcoidosis has a prevalence of less than 4 per 100, 000.

Given the per capita yearly income of Nigeria is $ 2, 100, Nigerians can collect as much as $ 15, 000 per trip.

Given current laser energies this was impractical, but the concept was studied throughout the 1960s and later.

* Given a sufficient power source, laser weapons could essentially have limitless ammunition.