The idea of an artifact made conscious is an ancient theme of mythology, appearing for example in the Greek myth of Pygmalion, who carved a statue that was magically brought to life, and in medieval Jewish stories of the Golem, a magically animated homunculus built of clay.

" Golem " passed into Yiddish as goylem to mean someone who is clumsy or slow.

In some tales, ( for example those of the Golem of Chelm and the Golem of Prague ) a golem is inscribed with Hebrew words that keep it animated.

Moshe Idel comments, " This tradition in one form or another is the blueprint of the later legend of the creation of the Golem by Eliayahu's famous contemporary R. Yehudah Leow of Prague.

A Polish Kabbalist, writing in about 1630 – 1650, reported the creation of a golem by Rabbi Eliyahu thus: " And I have heard, in a certain and explicit way, from several respectable persons that one man close to our time, whose name is R. Eliyahu, the master of the name, who made a creature out of matter Golem and form tzurah and it performed hard work for him, for a long period, and the name of emet was hanging upon his neck, until he finally removed it for a certain reason, the name from his neck and it turned to dust.

The general view of historians and critics is that the story of the Golem of Prague was a German literary invention of the early 19th century.

Cathy Gelbin finds an earlier source in Philippson's The Golem and the Adulteress, published in the Jewish magazine Shulamit in 1834, which describes how the Maharal sent a golem to find the reason for an epidemic among the Jews of Prague, although doubts have been expressed as to whether this date is correct.

The Vilna Gaon wrote an extensive commentary on the Sefer Yetzira, Kol HaTor, in which it is said that he had tried to create a Golem to fight the power of evil at the Gates of Jerusalem.

As far as we know, the Vilna Gaon is the only Rabbi who has actually claimed that he tried to create a Golem ; all such stories about other rabbis were told after their time.

The Golem is a popular figure in the Czech Republic.

Golem is also a rock / ground type creature ( Pokémon # 76 ) in the animated TV show, video game series, and card game Pokémon.

Golem is the evolved form of Graveler, who is in turn the evolved form of Geodude, and they all first appeared in the 1996 game Pokémon Red and Blue.

Expressionist influence is also in evidence in Frankenstein, drawn in part from the work of Paul Wegener and his films The Golem ( 1915 ) and The Golem: How He Came into the World ( 1920 ) along with The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari ( 1920 ) from Robert Wiene, which Whale reportedly screened repeatedly while preparing to shoot Frankenstein.

Rudolf is also the ruler in many of the legends of the Golem of Prague, either because of or simply adding to his occult reputation.

Dune also inspired the 1999 album The 2nd Moon by the German death metal band Golem, which is a concept album about the series.

The Maharal is the subject of a nineteenth-century legend that he created The Golem of Prague, an animate being fashioned from clay.

* In the 1951 movie The Emperor and the Golem, Edward Kelly is fake occultist and conspirator.

To a contemporary reader, there is also a similarity to the hubristic nature of the Golem legend, or to Frankenstein, in that even the most skilled of mortals cannot rival divine perfection when creating life.

God & Golem, Inc .: A Comment on Certain Points Where Cybernetics Impinges on Religion is a book written by MIT cybernetician Norbert Wiener and published by MIT Press in 1964.

Mount Korab (;, Golem Korab ) is the highest mountain of Albania and the Republic of Macedonia, its peak forming a frontier between the two countries.

" Aemeth " or " Emeth " is Hebrew for " truth "; the same word was written on the forehead of a Golem in Jewish folklore by magicians who legendarily animated these beings.

According to folklore, these scraps were used to hide the famed Golem of Prague, whose body is claimed to lie in the genizah of the Altneushul in Prague

The Superman character was developed by Cleveland residents Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster in the spirit of the Jewish Golem during the rise of the Third Reich.

In Jewish lore, blood libels were the impetus for the creation of the Golem of Prague by Rabbi Judah Loew ben Bezalel in the 16th century.

Rabbi Yaakov Emden ( d. 1776 ) elaborated on the story in a book published in 1748: " As an aside, I ’ ll mention here what I heard from my father ’ s holy mouth regarding the Golem created by his ancestor, the Gaon R. Eliyahu Ba ’ al Shem of blessed memory.

All these early accounts of the Golem of Prague are in German by Jewish writers.

Rosenberg published Niflaos Maharal: Ha Golem Al Prague ( Wonders of the Maharal: The Golem of Prague ) ( Warsaw, 1909 ) which purported to be an eyewitness account by the Maharal's son-in-law, who had helped to create the Golem.

Strongman René Richter goes by the nickname " Golem ", and a Czech monster truck outfit calls itself the " Golem Team ".

The main new works staged by the company have been The Little Mermaid by Anne Boyd ( 1985 ); Metamorphosis by Brian Howard ( 1985 ); Voss by Richard Meale ( 1986 ); Whitsunday by Howard ( 1988 ); Mer de glace by Richard Meale ( 1992 ); The Golem by Larry Sitsky ( 1993 ); The Eighth Wonder by Alan John ( 1995 ); Summer of the Seventeenth Doll by Richard Mills ( 1999 ); Batavia by Richard Mills ( 2001 ); Love in the Age of Therapy by Paul Grabowsky ( OzOpera 2002 ); Lindy by Moya Henderson ( 2003 ); Madeline Lee by John Haddock ( 2004 ); Bliss ( 2010 ) by Brett Dean.

When the Gaon saw that the Golem was growing larger and larger, he feared that the Golem would destroy the universe.

Nonetheless, while he was engaged in extracting the Holy Name from him, the Golem injured him, scarring him on the face.

To protect the Jewish community, the rabbi constructed the Golem out of clay from the banks of the Vltava river, and brought it to life through rituals and Hebrew incantations.

The Emperor begged Rabbi Loew to destroy the Golem, promising to stop the persecution of the Jews.

To deactivate the Golem, the rabbi rubbed out the first letter of the word " emet " ( truth or reality ) from the creature's forehead leaving the Hebrew word " met ", meaning dead.

According to legend, the body of Rabbi Loew's Golem still lies in the synagogue's attic.

Some versions of the tale state that the Golem was stolen from the genizah and entombed in a graveyard in Prague's Žižkov district, where the Žižkov Television Tower now stands.

A recent legend tells of a Nazi agent ascending to the synagogue attic during World War II and trying to stab the Golem, but he died instead.

When the attic was renovated in 1883, no evidence of the Golem was found.

Menachem Mendel Schneerson ( the last Rebbe of Lubavitch ) wrote that his father-in-law, Yosef Yitzchok Schneersohn, told him that he saw the remains of the Golem in the attic of Alt-Neu Shul.

Rabbi Chaim Noach Levin also wrote in his notes on Megillas Yuchsin that he heard directly from Rabbi Yosef Shaul Halevi, the head of the Rabbinical court of Lemberg, that when he wanted to go see the remains of the Golem, the sexton of the Alt-Neu Shul said that Rabbi Yechezkel Landau had advised against going up to the attic after he himself had gone up.

Justice Holmes cautioned that “ the proper derivation of general principals in both common and constitutional law ... arise gradually, in the emergence of a consensus from a multitude of particularized prior decisions .” Justice Cardozo noted the “ common law does not work from pre-established truths of universal and inflexible validity to conclusions derived from them deductively ,” but “ ts method is inductive, and it draws its generalizations from particulars .”

Secondly, the premise of causality has been arrived at via a posteriori ( inductive ) reasoning, which is dependent on experience.

However, as to whether inductive or deductive reasoning is more valuable still remains a matter of debate, with the general conclusion being that neither is prominent.

A transformer is an electromagnetic device that has a primary winding and a secondary winding that transfers energy from one electrical circuit to another by inductive coupling without moving parts.

Hume's solution to this problem is to argue that, rather than reason, natural instinct explains the human ability to make inductive inferences.

A recursive definition, sometimes also called an inductive definition, is one that defines a word in terms of itself, so to speak, albeit in a useful way.

Descriptive statistics are distinguished from inferential statistics ( or inductive statistics ), in that descriptive statistics aim to summarize a sample, rather than use the data to learn about the population that the sample of data is thought to represent.

* They are very inefficient ; a theoretical maximum of 50 % is obtainable with inductive output coupling and only 25 % with capacitive coupling, unless deliberate use of nonlinearities is made ( such as in square-law output stages ).

Hume argued that it requires inductive reasoning to arrive at the premises for the principle of inductive reasoning, and therefore the justification for inductive reasoning is a circular argument.

Mill's empiricism thus held that knowledge of any kind is not from direct experience but an inductive inference from direct experience.

This effect is easily explained by considering the inductive effect of the positively charged metal ion, which weakens the O-H bond of an attached water molecule, making the liberation of a proton relatively easy.

The quality factor ( or Q ) of an inductor is the ratio of its inductive reactance to its resistance at a given frequency, and is a measure of its efficiency.

The Q factor of an inductor can be found through the following formula, where R is its internal ( Series Model ) electrical resistance and is the inductive reactance at resonance:

The categorical dual of an inverse limit is a direct limit ( or inductive limit ).

Objectivism is a system of philosophy created by philosopher and novelist Ayn Rand ( 1905 – 1982 ) that holds: reality exists independent of consciousness ; human beings gain knowledge rationally from perception through the process of concept formation and inductive and deductive logic ; the moral purpose of one's life is the pursuit of one's own happiness or rational self-interest.

Expert testimony revealed that this inductive argument is not scientific and as admitted by Professor Behe, can never be ruled out.

In most real-world applications such as the one above, the naïve inductive analogy is flawed because each building permit will not be evaluated the same way ( for example, the more religious structures in a community, the less likely a permit will be granted for another ).

* The experiment of Theodor des Coudres ( 1889 ), to find whether the inductive effect of two wire rolls upon a third one, is influenced by the direction of Earth's motion.