It emerged from the work of activist and political theorist Michael Albert and that of radical economist Robin Hahnel, beginning in the 1980s and 1990s.

Robin Hahnel and Michael Albert claim that:

Participatory economics, often abbreviated parecon, is an economic system proposed primarily by activist and political theorist Michael Albert and radical economist Robin Hahnel, among others.

Albert and Hahnel stress that parecon is only meant to address an alternative economic theory and must be accompanied by equally important alternative visions in the fields of politics, culture and kinship.

In parecon, it constitutes a replacement for the mainstream economic conception of economic freedom, which Albert and Hahnel argue that by its very vagueness has allowed it to be abused by capitalist ideologues.

Albert and Hahnel argue that it is inequitable and ineffective to compensate people on the basis of their birth or heredity.

Albert and Hahnel proposed the creation and organization of consumers ' and producers ' councils to implement the decision making principle.

Albert and Hahnel claim the non-transferability of parecon credits would make it impossible to bribe or even beg for money.

Albert and Hahnel did not clarify how a currency of this form would be used in international trading with non-parecon countries.

When analyzing the subject of class and how individuals stratified into them interact with each other, Albert and Hahnel came to the conclusion that Marxian class theory and views of class among capitalist economists were inadequate to assess how economies of all kinds are divided along class lines.

Similar to the New Class theory, it is this class Albert and Hahnel claim which usurped power in former Communist states rather than the working class and rearranged economic power-structures in their favor.

The label structured itself around the participatory economic proposals of Robin Hahnel and Michael Albert.

Hahnel was an undergraduate at Harvard when he met Albert, who was studying at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Albert and Hahnel argued that while those aspects of Marxist theory rejecting the institutions of private property and markets were well-founded, other aspects of Marxist and Marxist – Leninist doctrine, including its economistic bias, dialectical methodology, historical materialism, class concepts, labour theory of value, crises theory and rejection of visionary thinking, and authoritarian values and tendencies, were either partially or wholly flawed ; and often constituted obstacles in the struggle for social justice.

In 1991, as the Soviet bloc crumbled and capitalism emerged triumphant Albert and Hahnel published " The Political Economy of Participatory Economics ", a model of an economy based upon allocation by participatory democracy within an integrated framework of nested production and consumption councils that was proposed as an alternative to contemporary capitalism, centralized state socialism and market socialism.

In ensuing years Hahnel and Albert fleshed out the gaps in their vision, discussed possible complementary political and cultural institutions, and replied to many of their critics.

In recent years Hahnel has stopped publishing books with Michael Albert on participatory economics.

" To this end the label incorporates the economic structure Parecon proposed by Robin Hahnel and Michael Albert.

Participatory economics, often abbreviated parecon, is an economic system proposed by activist and political theorist Michael Albert and radical economist Robin Hahnel.

Albert and Hahnel stress that parecon is only meant to address an alternative economic theory and must be accompanied by equally important alternative visions in the fields of politics, culture and kinship.

Balanced job complexes are central to the theory of participatory economics which emerged from the work of radical theorist Michael Albert and that of radical economist Robin Hahnel.

Corporations can be expected to try to pass the extra costs on to consumers by raising prices, however Hahnel notes that " part of the reason pollution taxes improve efficiency in a market economy is that they discourage consumption of goods whose production requires pollution precisely by making those products more expensive for consumers.

Says Hahnel, " Combined with a more democratic political system, and redone to closer approximate a best case version, centrally planned economies no doubt would have performed better.

As Hahnel explains, " Combined with a more democratic political system, and redone to closer approximate a best case version, centrally planned economies no doubt would have performed better.

He developed along with Robin Hahnel the economic vision called participatory economics.

Socialist economists, such as Robin Hahnel, have criticized the term as an ideologically motivated attempt to cast what is in their view the fundamental problems of capitalism as avoidable irregularities.

In terms of the current day ecological problems Hahnel acknowledges that green and pollution taxes are likely to be more effective than alternative schemes such as the marketization of natural resources using permit systems or regulatory " command and control " methods.

Economist Robin Hahnel notes that, even if central planning overcame its inherent inhibitions of incentives and innovation, it would nevertheless be unable to maximize economic democracy and self-management, which he believes are concepts that are more intellectually coherent, consistent and just than mainstream notions of economic freedom.

Libertarian socialist economist Robin Hahnel notes that even if central planning overcame its inherent inhibitions of incentives and innovation it would nevertheless be unable to maximize economic democracy and self-management, which he believes are concepts that are more intellectually coherent, consistent and just than mainstream notions of economic freedom.

As disparate oppositional groups planned and unified for what were to be momentous demonstrations against the World Trade Organization meetings in Seattle in 1999, Hahnel was among the leading economic analysts educating popular movements.

He and several colleagues, including Robin Hahnel have elaborated their theory of " parecon " in books, on Znet, and in Z Magazine.

In a chapter recounting the history of libertarian socialism, economist Robin Hahnel relates that thus far the period where libertarian socialism has had its greatest impact was at the end of the 19th century through the first four decades of the twentieth century.

In 2009, in their seminal JEI article, Hahnel and Sheeran highlight several major misinterpretations and common assumption, which when accounted for substantially reduce the applicability of Coase's theorem to real world policy and economic problems.

Hahnel and Sheeran emphasize that these failures are not due to behavioral issues or irrationality ( although these are also quite prevalent ( Ultimatum Game, Cognitive biases )), are not due to transaction costs ( although these are also quite prevalent ), and are not due to absorbing states and inability to pay, rather it is due to fundamental theoretical requirements of Coase's theorem ( necessary conditions ) that are typically grossly misunderstood, and that when not present systematically eliminate the ability of Coaseian approaches to obtain efficient outcomes — locking in inefficient ones.

Hahnel and Sheeran conclude that it is highly unlikely that conditions required for an efficient Coaseian solution will exist in any real-world economic situations.

* Georg Kraft, Josef Klippel, kapo Ilse Lothe, Oscar Schmitz, Fritz Mathes, Karl Egersdorf, Walter Otto, Eric Barsch, Ignatz Schlomovicz, Ida Forster, Klara Opitz, Charlotte Klein, Hildegard Hahnel, and Antoni Polanski were acquitted.

Robin Eric Hahnel ( born March 25, 1946 ) is a Professor of Economics at Portland State University.

Hahnel is a radical economist and political activist.

Some ( including Albert Einstein ) argue that our inability to predict any more than probabilities is simply due to ignorance.

Muller suggests that the most likely object is a red dwarf with an apparent magnitude between 7 and 12, while Daniel P. Whitmire and Albert A. Jackson argue for a brown dwarf.

Runco and Albert argue that creativity as the subject of proper study began seriously to emerge in the late 19th century with the increased interest in individual differences inspired by the arrival of Darwinism.

Albert W. Dzur and Susan M. Olson argue that this sector of justice cannot be successful without professionals.