It emerged from the work of activist and political theorist Michael Albert and that of radical economist Robin Hahnel, beginning in the 1980s and 1990s.

Robin Hahnel and Michael Albert claim that:

Participatory economics, often abbreviated parecon, is an economic system proposed primarily by activist and political theorist Michael Albert and radical economist Robin Hahnel, among others.

Albert and Hahnel stress that parecon is only meant to address an alternative economic theory and must be accompanied by equally important alternative visions in the fields of politics, culture and kinship.

In parecon, it constitutes a replacement for the mainstream economic conception of economic freedom, which Albert and Hahnel argue that by its very vagueness has allowed it to be abused by capitalist ideologues.

Hahnel and Albert argue that without balanced job complexes, those with empowering jobs, such as accounting or management, would be able to formulate plans and ideas, while others, such as janitors, would not develop the capacity to do so, neither would they have the training.

Albert and Hahnel argue that it is inequitable and ineffective to compensate people on the basis of their birth or heredity.

Albert and Hahnel proposed the creation and organization of consumers ' and producers ' councils to implement the decision making principle.

Albert and Hahnel did not clarify how a currency of this form would be used in international trading with non-parecon countries.

When analyzing the subject of class and how individuals stratified into them interact with each other, Albert and Hahnel came to the conclusion that Marxian class theory and views of class among capitalist economists were inadequate to assess how economies of all kinds are divided along class lines.

Similar to the New Class theory, it is this class Albert and Hahnel claim which usurped power in former Communist states rather than the working class and rearranged economic power-structures in their favor.

The label structured itself around the participatory economic proposals of Robin Hahnel and Michael Albert.

Hahnel was an undergraduate at Harvard when he met Albert, who was studying at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Albert and Hahnel argued that while those aspects of Marxist theory rejecting the institutions of private property and markets were well-founded, other aspects of Marxist and Marxist – Leninist doctrine, including its economistic bias, dialectical methodology, historical materialism, class concepts, labour theory of value, crises theory and rejection of visionary thinking, and authoritarian values and tendencies, were either partially or wholly flawed ; and often constituted obstacles in the struggle for social justice.

In 1991, as the Soviet bloc crumbled and capitalism emerged triumphant Albert and Hahnel published " The Political Economy of Participatory Economics ", a model of an economy based upon allocation by participatory democracy within an integrated framework of nested production and consumption councils that was proposed as an alternative to contemporary capitalism, centralized state socialism and market socialism.

In ensuing years Hahnel and Albert fleshed out the gaps in their vision, discussed possible complementary political and cultural institutions, and replied to many of their critics.

In recent years Hahnel has stopped publishing books with Michael Albert on participatory economics.

" To this end the label incorporates the economic structure Parecon proposed by Robin Hahnel and Michael Albert.

Participatory economics, often abbreviated parecon, is an economic system proposed by activist and political theorist Michael Albert and radical economist Robin Hahnel.

Albert and Hahnel stress that parecon is only meant to address an alternative economic theory and must be accompanied by equally important alternative visions in the fields of politics, culture and kinship.

Balanced job complexes are central to the theory of participatory economics which emerged from the work of radical theorist Michael Albert and that of radical economist Robin Hahnel.

Godwin's political views were diverse and do not perfectly agree with any of the ideologies that claim his influence ; writers of the Socialist Standard, organ of the Socialist Party of Great Britain, consider Godwin both an individualist and a communist ; anarcho-capitalist Murray Rothbard did not regard Godwin as being in the individualist camp at all, referring to him as the " founder of communist anarchism "; and historian Albert Weisbord considers him an individualist anarchist without reservation.

* 1283 – June 1 – The young Duke Rudolph II of Austria is forced to yield his claim on the Duchies of Austria and Styria to his elder brother, Albert I of Germany, under the Treaty of Rheinfelden.

Following the notable but short reign of Rudolf IV ( the first to claim the title of Archduke of Austria ), his brothers Albert III and Leopold III split the realms in the Treaty of Neuberg in 1379.

* June 1 – The young Duke Rudolph II of Austria is forced to yield his claim on the Duchies of Austria and Styria to his elder brother, Albert I of Germany, under the Treaty of Rheinfelden.

In his 2008 book Pop Goes the Weasel: The Secret Meanings of Nursery Rhymes author Albert Jack claimed that there were two other verses supporting this claim.

In addition to his claim on the thrones of Denmark and later Norway, he was in the direct succession line to the throne of Sweden ( but for the interposition of Albert of Mecklenburg ).

Pope Boniface VIII confirmed Charles ' claim to Hungary on 31 May 1303 and his maternal uncle, King Albert I of Germany also provided him military assistance.

Some authors have argued that he was the serial killer known as Jack the Ripper ; however, contemporary documents show that Albert Victor could not have been in London at the time of the murders, and the claim is widely dismissed.

In a statement to police Albert Victor's lawyers admitted that there had been " some relations " between him and Mrs. Haddon, but denied the claim of fatherhood.

Haddon was found guilty and the judge, believing Haddon to be suffering from delusions, did not jail him but bound him over for three years on the condition that he made no claim that he was Albert Victor's son.

" Albert Ammons and Meade ' Lux ' Lewis claim that ' The Fives ,' in 1921 and published in 1922 the Thomas brothers ' musical composition, deserves much credit for the development of modern boogie-woogie.

However, the constitutions of both duchies excluded the British heir apparent from the ducal thrones if there were other eligible male heirs, although Albert Edward, Prince of Wales had already renounced his claim to the ducal throne in favour of his next brother, Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh.

Frederick III, duke from 1616 to 1659, established the principle of primogeniture for his line, and the full sovereignty of his Schleswig dominions was secured to him by his son-in-law Charles X of Sweden by the convention of Copenhagen ( May 12, 1658 ) and to his son Christian Albert ( d. 1694 ) by the Treaty of Oliva, though it was not till after years of warfare that Denmark admitted the claim by the convention of Altona ( June 30, 1689 ).

Responding to this claim, psychologist Albert Ellis wrote " Here Rand falsely notes that two and two make four: and that you are noble for grasping this ' fact.

Under Prussian pressure, the council of regency ignored his claim and appointed Prince Albert of Prussia as regent.

If true, this would undermine Watson & Rayner's claim that " Albert B.

This position is supported by Albert Bandura's claim that " optimistic self-appraisals of capability, that are not unduly disparate from what is possible, can be advantageous, whereas veridical judgements can be self-limiting ".

Since Albert was dead, and her uncle, Edward VII of the United Kingdom, the Prince of Wales, had renounced his claim to the ducal throne of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, the vacant duchy fell to Alexandra's father, the Duke of Edinburgh.

Frederick Albert Cook ( June 10, 1865 – August 5, 1940 ) was an American explorer and physician, noted for his claim of having reached the North Pole on April 21, 1908.

Rather than implicate Albert Victor directly, they claim that he secretly married and had a daughter with a Catholic shop assistant, and that Queen Victoria, British Prime Minister Lord Salisbury, his Freemason friends, and the London Metropolitan Police conspired to murder anyone aware of Albert Victor's supposed child.

His brother's failure to ensure that Rudolf would be adequately compensated for relinquishing his claim on the throne caused strife in the Habsburg dynasty, leading to the assassination of Albert I by Rudolph's son John " Parricida " in 1308.