yet some must have survived, because the old interest in number symbolism, divination, and magic persisted on into the Han dynasty, which succeeded in reuniting China and keeping it together for a longer period ( from 202 B.C. to A.D. 220 ).

These twin tendencies seem to have reached their height in the Han dynasty.

The Chinese world view during the Han dynasty, when the Lo Shu seems to have been at the height of its popularity, was based in large part on the teachings of the Yin-Yang and Five-Elements School, which was traditionally founded by Tsou Yen.

During the Han dynasty, another Yin-Yang conception was applied to the Lo Shu, considering the latter as a plan of Ancient China.

The system of Chinese astrology was elaborated during the Zhou dynasty ( 1046 – 256 BC ) and flourished during the Han Dynasty ( 2nd century BC to 2nd century AD ), during which all the familiar elements of traditional Chinese culture – the Yin-Yang philosophy, theory of the 5 elements, Heaven and Earth, Confucian morality – were brought together to formalise the philosophical principles of Chinese medicine and divination, astrology and alchemy.

This is due to the rich historical record of astronomical phenomena which, in China, stretches back into the Han dynasty, in the second century BC.

In AD 9, the usurper Wang Mang claimed that the Mandate of Heaven called for the end of the Han dynasty and the rise of his own, and he founded the short-lived Xin (" New ") Dynasty.

Confucianism " largely defined the mainstream discourse on gender in China from the Han dynasty onward ," and its strict, obligatory gender roles as a cornerstone of family, and thus, societal stability, continue to shape social life throughout East Asia.

During the Han dynasty period, the important Confucian text Lessons for Women ( Nüjie ), was written by Ban Zhao ( 45-114 CE ): by a woman, for women.

The largest philosophical rivals to Confucianism were Legalism and Mohism before the Han dynasty.

This would be used to justify Li Si's large scale persecutions of the other schools of thought during the Qin dynasty, and the invariable denunciation by Confucian scholars from the Han dynasty and onwards.

The Treatise on Cold Damage Disorders and Miscellaneous Illnesses was collated by Zhang Zhongjing sometime between 196 and 220 CE, at the end of the Han dynasty.

" Wang Mang, the restoration of the Han dynasty, and Later Han.

The Qin calendar was used during the Qin dynasty, and in the beginning of the Western Han dynasty.

The Emperor Wu of the Western Han dynasty introduced reforms that have governed the Chinese calendar ever since.

The Han Dynasty ( simplified Chinese: 汉朝 ; traditional Chinese: 漢朝 ; pinyin: Hàn Cháo ; 206 BCE – 220 CE ) was the second imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin Dynasty and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms ( 220 – 265 CE ). Spanning over four centuries, the period of the Han Dynasty is considered a golden age in Chinese history. To this day, China's majority ethnic group refers to itself as the " Han people ".

During the Han dynasty, Zhang Zhongjing, who was mayor of Changsha near the end of the 2nd century AD, wrote a Treatise on Cold Damage, which contains the earliest known reference to the Neijing Suwen.

The Han dynasty that followed adopted Confucianism as the official state philosophy, as did most other successive dynasties, though Daoism and later Buddhism also played an important part in later Chinese life and thought, while Mohism all but disappeared as a separate school of thought.

From the middle and late Eastern Han to the early Wei and Jin dynasties, the net growth of ancient Chinese science and technology experienced a peak ( second only to that of the Northern Song dynasty )... Han studies of the Confucian classics, which for a long time had hindered the socialization of science, were declining.

Until the early 20th century, formal writing and even much poetry and fiction was done in Literary Chinese, which was modelled on the classics of the Warring States period and Han Dynasty.

Lyric poetry advanced far more in China than in Europe prior to 1000, as multiple new forms developed in the Han, Tang, and Song dynasties: perhaps the greatest poets of this era in Chinese literature were Li Bai and Du Fu.

During the greater part of China's first great period of unification, begun with the short-lived Qin Dynasty ( 221 BCE-206 BCE ) and followed by the centuries-long Han Dynasty ( 206 BCE-220 CE ), the shi form of poetry underwent little innovation.

The end of the Han witnesses a resurgence of the shi poetry, with the anonymous " 19 Old Poems.

A similar eighteen-sided die with numbers " 1 " through " 16 ", " win " and " take a drink " was found in association with two sets of twenty copper, coin-shaped tokens ( one set inscribed " Number 1 " through " Number 20 ", and the other set inscribed with three-character lines of poetry ) in a Han tomb at Mancheng County in Hebei.

Han Chinese Folk is delivered in a way, using silences that alter its meaning, this also creates a sound similar to poetry.

During the Han Dynasty ( 206 BC-220AD ), the Chu Ci style of poetry contributed to the evolution of the fu (" descriptive poem ") style, typified by a mixture of verse and prose passages ( often used as a virtuoso display the poet's skills and knowledge rather than to convey intimate emotional experiences ).

Also during the Han Dynasty, a folk-song style of poetry became popular, known as yuefu ( 樂府 / 乐府 ) " Music Bureau " poems, so named because of the government's role in collecting such poems, although in time some poets began composing original works in yuefu style.

The poetic period of the end of the Han Dynasty and the beginning of the Six Dynasties era is known as Jian ' an poetry.

An important collection of Han poetry is the " Nineteen Old Poems ".

Between and over-lapping the poetry of the latter days of the Han and the beginning period of the Six Dynasties was Jian ' an poetry.

* Han poetry

The classic shi poetry, with its four-character lines, was revived by Han and Three Kingdoms poets, to some extent.

However, among other poetic developments during the Han epoch was the development of a new form of shi poetry, dating from about the first century BCE, initially consisting of five-character lines, and later seven-character lines.

The development of this form of shi poetry would occur in conjunction with various other phenomena related to Han poetry.

It is indeed ironic that the new form of shi developed during the Han and the Jian ' an period would become known as " gushi ", or " ancient style poetry ".

The Han dynasty witnessed major developments in Classical Chinese poems, including both the active role of the imperial government in encouraging poetry through the Music Bureau, an official agency, and through the collection of Han dynasty folk ballads ( although some of these seem to have perhaps been subject to a post-folk literary polishing, as in the case of the Shijing, the amount of editing is not certain ).

Another important Han dynasty poetry collection is the Nineteen Old Poems.

The Han Dynasty poetry is particularly associated with the fu, as opposed to the shi style of poetry or literature: note, however, that this fu is a different word than the fu meaning government bureau in the term yuefu ( sometimes spelled Yüeh Fu, or similarly ).

Jian ' an poetry refers to those poetic movements occurring during the final years of the failing Han Dynasty and continuing their development into the beginning of the Six Dynasties period.

Confucianism was particularly strong during the Han Dynasty, whose greatest thinker was Dong Zhongshu, who integrated Confucianism with the thoughts of the Zhongshu School and the theory of the Five Elements.

When the site was excavated by Soviet archaeologists during 1941-45, they realized that they had discovered a building absolutely unique for the area: a large ( 1500 square meters ) Chinese-style, likely Han Dynasty era ( 206 BCE – 220 CE ) palace.

More recently, for example, it was claimed by A. A. Kovalyov as the residence of Lu Fang ( 盧芳 ), a Han throne pretender from the Guangwu era.

This period was characterized by a gradual decentralization of the state that had existed during the Qin and Han dynasties, and an increase in the power of great families.

The traditional Han clothing, or Hanfu, was also replaced by Manchu-style clothing Qipao ( bannermen dress and Tangzhuang ).

Confucianism was particularly strong during the Han Dynasty, whose greatest thinker was Dong Zhongshu, who integrated Confucianism with the thoughts of the Zhongshu School and the theory of the Five Elements.

During the Qing Dynasty many philosophers objected against Neo-Confucianism and there was a return to the Han Dynasty Confucianism, and also the reprise of the controversy between Old Text and New Text.

No contemporary painting or sculpture of Confucius survives, and it was only during the Han Dynasty that he was portrayed visually.

Chiang Kai-shek considered both the Han Chinese and all the minority peoples of China, the Five Races Under One Union, as descendants of Huangdi, the Yellow Emperor and semi mythical founder of the Chinese nation, and belonging to the Chinese Nation Zhonghua Minzu and he introduced this into Kuomintang ideology, which was propagated into the educational system of the Republic of China.

" Han independence " was therefore scrapped in favor of the Five Races Under One Union principle, which later developed into the theory of Zhonghua minzu.

*** The Classic of Music is sometimes referred to as the sixth classic ; it was lost by the time of the Han Dynasty.

Deng was born into an ethnically Hakka Han family in Paifang village ( 牌坊村 ), Xiexing township ( 协兴镇 ), Guang ' an County in Sichuan province, approximately 160 km from Chongqing ( formerly spelled Chungking ).

The earliest known usage of huanghou was in the Han Dynasty.

Lee learns from his Sifu ( teacher ) that Han was also once a Shaolin student, but had been expelled from their order for abusing their code of conduct.

Han demands Williams to tell him who else was outside ( since his ' spy ' Mei Ling had failed to report Lee's nocturnal actions to Han ).