Audibility of spectral components is determined by first calculating a masking threshold, below which it is estimated that sounds will be beyond the limits of human perception.

The reliability of the statistical unit is, in part, determined by the reliability of the components in the statistical assembly, and by their interactions.

A double star may be determined to be optical if its components have sufficiently different proper motions or radial velocities, or if parallax measurements reveal its two components to be at sufficiently different distances from the Earth.

After it was determined to be a visual binary, Mizar's components were found to be spectroscopic binaries themselves.

Surface mount components can be about one-quarter to one-tenth of the size and weight of through-hole components, and passive components much cheaper ; prices of semiconductor surface mount devices ( SMDs ) are determined more by the chip itself than the package, with little price advantage over larger packages.

Medicinal tablets were originally made in the shape of a disk of whatever color their components determined, but are now made in many shapes and colors to help distinguish different medicines.

The distance of the tracked element from the mechanism is determined through components which measure the rotation of the spool drum for the retracting cable reel, and calculating how far the cable is extended.

The length and placement of the other components are determined from this using established formulas and standards.

Regardless, all studies have concluded that the catalyst is a dimer of The putative catalyst was determined using X-ray structural determinations of model complexes which have the necessary structural components to catalyze the Sharpless Epoxidation.

The cause of the accident was determined to be a piece of foam that broke off during launch and damaged the thermal protection system components ( reinforced carbon-carbon panels and thermal protection tiles ) on the leading edge of the left wing of the Shuttle orbiter, causing an extensive heat build-up.

If we are given the components of the strain tensor in an arbitrary orthonormal coordinate system, we can find the principal strains using an eigenvalue decomposition determined by solving the system of equations

Eventually, a team of scientists and engineers from the project and from academia ( among them Luis Alvarez, Sidney Beldner, Malvin Ruderman, and Sidney Drell ) determined that electrostatic discharges ( called corona discharges ) caused by some of the components of the cameras were exposing the film.

Any covector field α has components in the basis of vector fields f. These are determined by

The order in which different cell wall components are deposited has been determined largely by immuno-electron microscopy.

Once all components of the radiation field are determined, the accumulated dose from the thermoluminescence measurements is divided by the dose accumulating each year, to obtain the years since the zeroing event.

Since any vector v is a linear combination ∑ v < sup > j </ sup > e < sub > j </ sub > of its components, df is uniquely determined by df < sub > p </ sub >( e < sub > j </ sub >) for each j and each p ∈ U, which are just the partial derivatives of f on U. Thus df provides a way of encoding the partial derivatives of f. It can be decoded by noticing that the coordinates x < sup > 1 </ sup >, x < sup > 2 </ sup >,... x < sup > n </ sup > are themselves functions on U, and so define differential 1-forms dx < sup > 1 </ sup >, dx < sup > 2 </ sup >, ..., dx < sup > n </ sup >.

In general, the Q of a resonator involving a capacitor and an inductor can be determined from the Q values of the components, whether their losses come from series resistance or otherwise:

If there exist one or more eigenvalues, then if the corresponding b < sub > i </ sub > ≠ 0, it is a paraboloid ( either elliptic or hyperbolic ); if the corresponding, the dimension i degenerates and does not get into play, and the geometric meaning will be determined by other eigenvalues and other components of b. When it is a paraboloid, whether it is elliptic or hyperbolic is determined by whether all other non-zero eigenvalues are of the same sign: if they are, then it is elliptic ; otherwise, it is hyperbolic.

The contribution of those components cannot be determined in a single individual, but they can be estimated for whole populations by estimating the variances for those components, denoted as:

In this design the anode holder is water cooled and the heat losses by conduction from the anode were determined by measuring the temperature rise of the coolant.

After the water has cleared, percentages of the various particles can be determined.

He determined the dependence of the boiling of water with atmospheric pressure which was accurate even by modern day standards.

The self-diffusion coefficient of water has been experimentally determined with high accuracy and thus serves often as a reference value for measurements on other liquids.

In his initial scale ( which is not the final Fahrenheit scale ), the zero point is determined by placing the thermometer in brine: he used a mixture of ice, water, and ammonium chloride, a salt, at a 1: 1: 1 ratio.

When applied to whiteware ceramics, vitreous means the material has an extremely low permeability to liquids, often but not always water, when determined by a specified test regime.

The fact that the substance out in the world we were calling " water " actually had that composition at least partially determined the meaning of the word.

Although Kyrgyzstan has abundant water running through it, its water supply is determined by a post-Soviet sharing agreement among the five Central Asian republics.

File: Cavendish-walk. jpg | Henry Cavendish ( 1731-1810 ): greatest English chemist and physicist of his age, researched composition of the atmosphere, the properties of different gases, the synthesis of water, the law of electrical attraction and repulsion, a mechanical theory of heat, calculated the weight of the Earth in the Cavendish experiment, determined the universal gravitational constant

Saudi Arabian Oil Company ( Saudi Aramco ) technicians have determined that very deep aquifers lie in many areas of northern and eastern Arabia and that the Wasia, the largest aquifer in Saudi Arabia, contains more water than the Persian Gulf.

The overall effects of the oil spill and the oil fires on marine life, human health, water quality, and vegetation remained to be determined as of 1992.

The state of water on a planet depends on ambient pressure, which is determined by the planet's gravity.

Microclimates abound, determined by proximity to water, elevation and prevailing winds.

PFGE analysis of the strains of E. coli isolated from members of both outbreaks revealed an indistinguishable pattern, and investigators from the Medina County Health Department and the CDC determined that the Medina County Fairgrounds water distribution system was the source of both E. coli outbreaks.

Temperatures are specified by the notation T < sub > s </ sub >/ T < sub > r </ sub >) with T < sub > s </ sub > representing the temperature at which the sample's density was determined and T < sub > r </ sub > the temperature at which the reference ( water ) density is specified.

For example SG ( 20 ° C / 4 ° C ) would be understood to mean that the density of the sample was determined at 20 ° C and of the water at 4 ° C.

The depth of the TDR ( d ) is a known factor and the other is the time that takes the drop of water to reach the that depth ( t ), therefore the speed of water Infiltration ( hydrology ) ( v ) can be determined.

Based on Lunar Prospector Neutron Spectrometer ( NS ) data, mission scientists have determined that there is indeed water ice in the polar craters of the Moon.

The climate and water salinity of the Andaman Sea are mostly determined by the monsoons of southeast Asia.

The depth of water at a site can be determined from charts or by using the depth sounding sonar equipment that is standard equipment on ships.

Its water balance is mostly determined by the inflow and outflow through the straits connecting it to the neighboring seas and Pacific Ocean.

For the " Cheek to Cheek " routine, she was determined to use her own creation: " I was determined to wear this dress, come hell or high water.