The breakup of the Holy Roman Empire and the downfall of feudalism led, not more than two centuries ago, to the surge of nationalism.

Apollo's role as the slayer of the Python led to his association with battle and victory ; hence it became the Roman custom for a paean to be sung by an army on the march and before entering into battle, when a fleet left the harbour, and also after a victory had been won.

* 378 – Gothic War: Battle of Adrianople – A large Roman army led by Emperor Valens is defeated by the Visigoths in present-day Turkey.

* 1969 – Followers led by Charles Manson murder pregnant actress Sharon Tate ( wife of Roman Polanski ), coffee heiress Abigail Folger, Polish actor Wojciech Frykowski, men's hairstylist Jay Sebring and recent high-school graduate Steven Parent.

* 216 BC – Second Punic War: Battle of Cannae – The Carthaginian army led by Hannibal defeats a numerically superior Roman army under command of consuls Lucius Aemilius Paullus and Gaius Terentius Varro.

However, much of southeastern Europe and central Europe, including many of the Goths and Vandals respectively, had embraced Arianism ( the Visigoths converted to Arian Christianity in 376 ), which led to Arianism being a religious factor in various wars in the Roman Empire.

In 394 Alaric led a Gothic force of 20, 000 that helped the Eastern Roman Emperor Theodosius defeat the Frankish usurper Arbogast at the Battle of Frigidus.

In 107 BC, the Battle of Burdigala was fought by the Romans who were defending the Allobroges, an allied Roman tribe, and the Tigurini led by Divico.

Burebista led his transdanubian coalition in a struggle against Roman encroachment, conducting many raids against Roman allies in Moesia and Thrace, penetrating as far as Macedonia and Illyria.

The obscure and extravagant imagery has led to a wide variety of interpretations: historicist interpretations see in Revelation a broad view of history ; preterist interpretations treat Revelation as mostly referring to the events of the apostolic era ( 1st century ), or -- at the latest -- the fall of the Roman Empire ; futurists believe that Revelation describes future events ; and idealist or symbolic interpretations consider that Revelation does not refer to actual people or events, but is an allegory of the spiritual path and the ongoing struggle between good and evil.

Boudica (; alternative spelling: Boudicca ), also known as Boadicea and known in Welsh as Buddug ( d. AD 60 or 61 ) was queen of the British Iceni tribe who led an uprising against the occupying forces of the Roman Empire.

In AD 60 or 61, while the Roman governor, Gaius Suetonius Paulinus, was leading a campaign on the island of Anglesey off the northwest coast of Wales — Boudica led the Iceni people in revolt, along with the Trinovantes and others ,.

The illegal use of elements of the Roman rite, the use of candles, vestments and incense, practices known as Ritualism, had become widespread and led to the Public Worship Regulation Act 1874 which established a new system of discipline, intending to bring the ' Romanisers ' into conformity.

When he openly left Octavian's sister, Octavia Minor, and moved to Alexandria to become Cleopatra's official partner, he led many Roman politicians to believe that he was trying to become the unchecked ruler of Egypt and of other eastern kingdoms, while still maintaining his command over the many Roman legions in the East.

The success of " Roman Cement " led other manufacturers to develop rival products by burning artificial mixtures of clay and chalk.

He sought to have their marriage annulled, setting in motion a chain of events that led to England's break with the Roman Catholic Church.

The council marked a significant turning point in the Christological debates that led to the separation of the church of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century.

Despite these complaints, Clement is generally not considered a heretic in the Catholic Church, but such concerns about his orthodoxy led to him being removed from the Roman martyrology in 1586, and he is not revered as a saint in contemporary Roman Catholicism.

There were two towns in Roman Britain named Camulodunum, Colchester in Essex, and Slack in West Yorkshire, derived from the Celtic god Camulos, and this has led to the suggestion that they originated the name.

The term " Catholic " is commonly associated with the whole of the church led by the Roman Pontiff, the Catholic Church, and whose over one billion adherents are about half of the estimated 2. 1 billion Christians.

It was the abuse of these treasuries by Philip of Macedon and the later sacking of the Treasuries, first by the Celts, and later by Sulla, the Roman Dictator, that led to the eclipse of Greek civilization and the eventual growth of Rome.

Martin Luther's lectures on Romans in 1515 – 1516 probably coincided with the development of his criticism of Roman Catholicism which led to the 95 Theses of 1517.

By-passing the military junta which has ruled Turkey since the overthrow of Premier Adnan Menderes 17 months ago, the army general staff, led by Gen. Cedvet Sunay, had set a deadline for the parties to join in a national coalition government.

The minister, describing the attacks which led up to the appeal, said that 60,000 Communist North Vietnamese were fighting royal army troops on one front -- near Thakhek, in southern-central Laos.

Lincoln responded by calling for a volunteer army from each state to recapture federal property, which led to declarations of secession by four more slave states.

He fought several battles of attrition against Lee through the Overland Campaign to seize Richmond, though in the face of fierce resistance he altered his plans and led the Siege of Petersburg which nearly finished off the rest of Lee's army.

Azincourt is famous as being near the site of the battle fought on 25 October 1415 in which the army led by King Henry V of England defeated the forces led by Charles d ' Albret on behalf of Charles VI of France, which has gone down in English history as the Battle of Agincourt.

* 479 BC – Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan commander of the Greek army in the Battle of Plataea.

* 338 BC – A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the Battle of Chaeronea, securing Macedonian hegemony in Greece and the Aegean.

* 1664 – The Ottoman Empire is defeated in the Battle of Saint Gotthard by an Austrian army led by Raimondo Montecuccoli, resulting in the Peace of Vasvár.

Devastated by European diseases to which they had no immunity, and civil wars, in 1532 the Incas were defeated by an alliance composed of tens of thousands allies from nations they had subjugated ( e. g. Huancas, Chachapoyas, Cañaris ) and a small army of 180 Spaniards led by Francisco Pizarro.

King Theodoric of the Ostrogoths sent an army, led by his sword-bearer Theudis, against Gesalec, ostensibly on behalf of Amalaric ; Gesalec fled to Africa, and the Ostrogoths drove back the Franks and their Burgundian allies, regaining possession of " the south of Novempopulana, Rodez, probably even Albi, and even Toulose ".

These soon became so serious that a league was formed to crush him, and Maurice of Saxony led an army against his former comrade.

As commander-in-chief, he summoned the princes to the council and led the army in battle.

In the same year Alexander joined the English barons in their struggle against John of England, and led an army into the Kingdom of England in support of their cause.

This led to a further revolt near Philippopolis, and the commander of the field army in the west, Gregory Pakourianos, was defeated and killed in the ensuing battle.

In response to this incursion, Alfred led an Anglo-Saxon force against the Danes who, instead of engaging the army of Wessex, fled to their beached ships and sailed to another part of Britain.

The situation became unstable and, in the following year, being led by what he afterwards discovered to be false representations, Afonso declared Peter a rebel and defeated his army in the Battle of Alfarrobeira, in which his uncle ( and father-in-law ) was killed.

At the end of 1874, when Field Marshal Serrano left Madrid to take command of the northern army in the Carlist War, Brigadier Martínez Campos, who had long been working more or less openly for the king, led some battalions of the central army to Sagunto, rallied to his own flag the troops sent against him, and entered Valencia in the king's name.

* 1809 – The second day of the Battle of Eckmühl: the Austrian army is defeated by the First French Empire army led by Napoleon I of France and driven over the Danube in Regensburg.

Well led, properly organized cavalry, in its complementary role to infantry, had four functions.

The publication last July of the party's Draft Program -- that blueprint for the `` transition to communism '' -- had led the uninitiated to suppose that this Twenty-second Congress would be a sort of apotheosis of the Khrushchev regime, a solemn consecration of ideas which had, in fact, been current over the last three or four years ( i.e., since the defeat of the `` anti-party group '' ) in all theoretical party journals.

His prudence and heroism preserved an un-walled Sparta against the revolts and conspiracies of helots, perioeci and even Spartans, and against her enemies, four different armies led by Epaminondas, that penetrated Laconia that same year, and again in 362 BC when they all but succeeded in seizing the city by a rapid and unexpected march.

In early March Congress, led in part by Radical Republicans, passed the first in a series of four Reconstruction Acts, initially providing for the recognition of provisional governments to be established thereunder by the Southern states, on the condition that each state ratify the Fourteenth Amendment and assure suffrage for freedmen.

Andrew of Longjumeau led one of four missions dispatched to the Mongols by Pope Innocent IV.

The success of the series has led to the adaptation of several books into 14 films: ten animated, and four with live actors.

* 1809 – Two Austrian army corps in Bavaria are defeated by a First French Empire army led by Napoleon I of France at the Battle of Abensberg on the second day of a four day campaign that ended in a French victory.

On the same day the Austrian main army is defeated by a First French Empire Corps led by Louis-Nicolas Davout at the Battle of Teugen-Hausen in Bavaria, part of a four day campaign that ended in a French victory.

The personal relationships and Andersson and Ulvaeus ' songwriting collaboration has led quite naturally to the very close co-operation which the four friends had during the following years.

The Prince of Anhalt-Dessau led forward four brigades across the Nebel to assault the well-fortified position of Lutzingen.

Miltiades ordered the two tribes that were forming the center of the Greek formation, the Leontis tribe led by Themistocles and the Antiochis tribe led by Aristides, to be arranged in the depth of four ranks while the rest of the tribes at their flanks were in ranks of eight.

For four years, Kolingba led the country as head of the Military Committee for National Recovery ( CRMN ).

Under the auspices of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, he completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean that led to general European awareness of the American continents.

It was Graham's last game ; the win capped a 10-year run in which he led his team to the league championship every year, winning four in the AAFC and three in the NFL.

After the Panthers ' success in 1996, Capers led the Panthers through two disappointing seasons: a 7 – 9 season in 1997, and a 4 – 12 season in 1998 which resulted in Capers being fired after four seasons with the team.

The Pilgrims, led by twenty-eight game winner Cy Young, trailed the series three games to one but then swept four consecutive victories to win the championship five games to three.

Gandy's curiosity about, and analysis of, " cellular automata ", " Conway's game of life ", " parallelism " and " crystalline automata " led him to propose four " principles ( or constraints ) ... which it is argued, any machine must satisfy.

This has led four Protestant Christian denominations to develop a theology of pacifism, the avoidance of force and violence at all times.

However, continued demand led to a Nova 4 machine, this time based on four AMD 2901 bit-slice ALUs.

The boundary dispute led to the Cenepa War between Ecuador and Peru in early 1995 ; after a peace agreement brokered by the four Guarantors of the Rio Protocol ( Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and the United States ), the Military Observers Mission to Ecuador-Peru ( MOMEP ) was set up to monitor the zone.

Disagreement about the limits of his authority was one of the causes of the Great Schism, conventionally dated to the year 1054, which split the church into the Catholic Church in the West, headed by the Bishop of Rome, and the Orthodox Church, led by the four eastern patriarchs.

Torborg's successor, 72-year-old Jack McKeon, improbably led them to the National League's wild card berth in the playoffs ; they defeated the New York Yankees four games to two in the 2003 World Series.

Disagreements over the policies to be followed in the occupied zones quickly led to a breakdown in cooperation between the four powers, and the Soviets administered their zone without regard to the policies implemented in the other zones.