In 1255 an interview between the English and Scottish kings at Kelso led to Menteith and his party losing to Durward's party.

* 1305 – William Wallace, who led the Scottish resistance against England, is captured by the English near Glasgow and transported to London where he is put on trial and executed.

The assault consisted of 12 battalions of Dutch infantry commanded by Major Generals Schultz and Spaar ; two brigades of Saxons under Count Schulenburg ; a Scottish brigade in Dutch service led by the 2nd Duke of Argyle ; and a small brigade of Protestant Swiss.

Gibson portrays William Wallace, a 13th-century Scottish warrior who led the Scots in the First War of Scottish Independence against King Edward I of England.

Charles's later attempts to force religious reforms upon Scotland led to the Bishops ' Wars, strengthened the position of the English and Scottish parliaments and helped precipitate his own downfall.

Dewar's work for the Scottish Parliament has led him to be called the " Father of the Nation ".

He established the first royal burghs in Scotland, granting rights to particular settlements, which led to the development of the first true Scottish towns and helped facilitate economic development as did the introduction of the first recorded Scottish coinage.

Despite victories at Dupplin Moor and Halidon Hill, in the face of tough Scottish resistance led by Sir Andrew Murray, the son of Wallace's comrade in arms, successive attempts to secure Balliol on the throne failed.

The English-educated Scottish peer Lord Aberdeen ( 1784 – 1860 ) led a coalition government from 1852-5, but in general very few Scots held office in the government.

Scottish educated Andrew Bonar Law led a Conservative government from 1922 to 1923 and another Scot, Ramsey MacDonald, would be the Labour Party's first Prime Minister in 1924 and again from 1929-35.

The Electoral success of New Labour in 1997, which would be led by two Prime Ministers with Scottish connections, Tony Blair ( who was brought up in Scotland ) from 1997 to 2007 and Gordon Brown from 2007 – 10, opened the way for constitutional change.

A positive outcome led to the establishment of a devolved Scottish Parliament in 1999.

* 1314 – First War of Scottish Independence: the Battle of Bannockburn concludes with a decisive victory by Scottish forces led by Robert the Bruce, though England did not recognize Scottish independence until 1328 with the signing of the Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton.

* 1808 – The organizational meeting that led to the creation of the Wernerian Natural History Society, a former Scottish learned society, is held in Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom.

The rise of Highland romanticism and the growing Anglicisation of Scottish culture by the Victorians at the time led to registering tartans with clan names.

* 1666 – At least 3000 men of the Scottish Royal Army led by Tam Dalyell of the Binns defeat about 900 Covenanter rebels in the Battle of Rullion Green.

However his actions of supporting alternately the English and Scottish armies had led to a great deal of distrust towards Bruce among the “ Community of the Realm of Scotland ”.

According to Barbour and Fordoun, in the late summer of 1305 in a secret agreement sworn, signed and sealed, John Comyn agreed to forfeit his claim to the Scottish throne in favour of Robert Bruce upon receipt of the Bruce lands in Scotland should an uprising occur led by Bruce.

Moves towards Scottish Independence from the United Kingdom are being led by the majority Scottish National Party government in the Scottish Parliament, with a plebiscite scheduled for the Autumn of 2014.

In the 1918 general election Lloyd George, " the Man Who Won the War ", led his coalition into another khaki election, and won a sweeping victory over the Asquithian Liberals and the newly emerging Labour Party.

In 1981, defectors from the moderate wing of the Labour Party, led by former Cabinet ministers Roy Jenkins, David Owen and Shirley Williams, founded the Social Democratic Party.

Under the Labour government of James Callaghan, a review by Lord Beswick had led to the reprieve of the so-called ' Beswick plants ', for social reasons, but subsequent governments were obliged under EU rules to withdraw subsidies.

His first taste of ministerial office came in 1924, when he served as Under-Secretary of State for War in the short-lived first Labour government, led by MacDonald.

Attlee led Labour through the 1935 general election, which saw the party stage a partial recovery from its disastrous performance in 1931.

Consequently, Chamberlain tendered his resignation, and Labour and the Conservatives entered a coalition government led by Winston Churchill.

In January, 1947, fear of Soviet and American intentions led to a secret meeting of senior cabinet ministers, where it was decided to press ahead with the development of Britain's independent nuclear deterrent, an issue which later caused a split in the Labour Party.

He retired as leader of the party on 14 December 1955, having led Labour for twenty years, and was succeeded by Hugh Gaitskell.

The 2010 general election resulted in a hung parliament ( Britain's first for 36 years ), following which the Conservatives ( led by David Cameron ), which had won the largest number of seats, formed a coalition with the Liberal Democrats in order to gain a parliamentary majority, ending 13 years of Labour government.

Election defeats under, first, Michael Foot, then Neil Kinnock, led Labour to abandon the policy in the late 1980s.

A branch of " progressive " communists led by Algirdas Brazauskas established the Democratic Labour Party of Lithuania in 1992.

James became prime minister, serving until the February 2000 elections, when the Dominica United Workers Party ( DUWP ) was defeated by the Dominica Labour Party ( DLP ), led by Rosie Douglas.

His experience in the region and in particular his perceived Labour sympathies at that time led to Clement Attlee appointing him Viceroy of India after the war, charged with overseeing the transition of British India to independence no later than 1948.

Fianna Fáil has led governments including parties of the centre-left ( Labour and the Green Party ) and of the centre-right ( the now-defunct Progressive Democrats ) and is often seen as a pragmatic party of the establishment.

In 1950 Eric Gairy founded the Grenada United Labour Party, initially as a trades union, which led the 1951 general strike for better working conditions, this sparked great unrest-so many buildings were set ablaze that the disturbances became known as the ' red sky ' days-and the British authorities had to call in military reinforcements to help regain control of the situation.

A new political party, the Grenada National Party led by Herbert Blaize, contested the 1957 general election and with the cooperation of elected independent members took control of the Legislative Council from the Grenada United Labour Party.

On 11 September 1997, the 700th anniversary of Battle of Stirling Bridge, the Blair led Labour government again held a referendum on the issue of devolution.

The Tory election win led to the resignation of Neil Kinnock as Labour leader and the election of John Smith as his successor.

The election resulted in a hung parliament with the Tories having the most votes but Labour having slightly more seats, and failed attempts by Heath to form a coalition with the Liberals led to the resignation of his government and the return of Harold Wilson as prime minister of a minority Labour government, which gained a three-seat majority at a second election later in the year.

Since 1991, Lithuanian voters have shifted from right to left and back again, swinging between the Conservatives, led by Vytautas Landsbergis, and the ( formerly Communist ) Democratic Labour Party of Lithuania, led by president Algirdas Brazauskas.

In the presidential election of 1860, the Republican Party, led by Abraham Lincoln, had campaigned against expanding slavery beyond the states in which it already existed.

Lincoln led the new Republican Party in developing their platform calling slavery a national evil, and insisting Congress end slavery expansion into the territories.

The province is currently governed by the BC Liberal Party, led by Premier Christy Clark, who became leader as a result of the party election on February 26, 2011.

An alliance of pro free-trade Conservatives ( the " Peelites "), Radicals, and Whigs carried repeal, and the Conservative Party split: the Peelites moved towards the Whigs, while a " new " Conservative Party formed around the protectionists, led by Disraeli, Bentinck, and Lord Stanley ( later Lord Derby ).

Among the consequences of the Third Reform Act ( 1884 – 85 ) was the giving of the vote to the Catholic peasants in Ireland, and the consequent creation of an Irish Parliamentary Party led by Charles Stewart Parnell.

Over two-thirds of the members, and all the serving MPs, of the Liberal Party joined this party, led first jointly by Steel and the SDP leader Robert Maclennan, and later by Paddy Ashdown ( 1988 – 99 ), Charles Kennedy ( 1999 – 2006 ), Sir Menzies Campbell ( 2006 – 07 ) and Nick Clegg ( incumbent ).

After a ballot of members and the passing of a motion at the 1987 Portsmouth conference, the party merged with the Liberal Party in 1988 to form the Liberal Democrats, although a minority left to form a continuing SDP led by David Owen.

The proposed federation was originally proposed by A. M. Azahari and was particularly favoured by the Brunei People's Party, which he led.

* Shell Crisis of 1915, which led to the fall of Herbert Henry Asquith's Liberal Party government during World War I.

Shortly after World War II, the civil war resumed in China between the Kuomintang ( KMT ) led by Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek and the Communist Party of China led by Mao Zedong.

Opposition to the government grew within the middle class and leftists including Paris-educated leaders like Son Sen, Ieng Sary, and Saloth Sar ( later known as Pol Pot ), who led an insurgency under the clandestine Communist Party of Kampuchea ( CPK ).

In 1997, a group led by Vladimiro Roca, a decorated veteran of the Angolan war and the son of the founder of the Cuban Communist Party, sent a petition, entitled La Patria es de Todos (" the homeland belongs to all ") to the Cuban general assembly requesting democratic and human rights reforms.

The CSU has led the Bavarian state government since it came into existence in 1946, save from 1950 to 1953 when the Bavaria Party formed a state government in coalition with the German Branches of the SPD and FDP.

On April 12, 2012, Bir and 30 other officers were taken in custody for their role in the 1997 military memorandum that forced the then Turkish government, led by the Islamist Welfare Party, to step down.

The Cornish Nationalist Party ( CNP ),, was a political party in the United Kingdom, led by Dr James Whetter which campaigned for independence for Cornwall.

The Cultural Revolution, motivated by power struggles within the Party and a fear of the Soviet Union, led to a major upheaval in Chinese society.

Deng Xiaoping was the Paramount Leader of China from 1978 to 1992, although he never became the head of the party or state, and his influence within the Party led the country to significant economic reforms.

A government formed of a coalition of the ODS, KDU-ČSL, and the Green Party ( SZ ), and led by the leader of the ODS Mirek Topolánek finally succeeded in winning a vote of confidence on 19 January 2007.

The current government is a coalition of 5 parties led by the Democratic Party.