Category: Tribes described primarily by Herodotus

Early conceptions of ecology, such as a balance and regulation in nature can be traced to Herodotus ( died c. 425 BC ), who described one of the earliest accounts of mutualism in his observation of " natural dentistry ".

Assyrian records claim he punished Judah and then left ( Herodotus also described the invasion ).

Herodotus described the inhabitants of Libya as two peoples: The Libyans in northern Africa and the Ethiopians in the south.

Herodotus described Herāt as the bread-basket of Central Asia.

Herodotus described the Egyptians as " the healthiest of all men, next to the Libyans ", due to the dry climate and the notable public health system that they possessed.

The distinction between a formally polite greeting and an obeisance is often hard to make ; for example, proskynesis ( Greek for " moving towards ") is described by the Greek researcher Herodotus of Halicarnassus, who lived in the 5th century BC in his Histories 1. 134:

He, along with Philo of Byzantium, Strabo, Herodotus and Diodoros of Sicily, is attributed with the list of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, which he described in a poem composed about 140 BC:

The Greek historian Herodotus described the hippopotamus in The Histories ( written circa 440 BC ) and the Roman Historian Pliny the Elder wrote about the hippopotamus in his encyclopedia Naturalis Historia ( written circa 77 AD ).

From China to the Danube delta men seemed to have worn a variety of soft headgear – either conical like the one described by Herodotus, or rounder, more like a Phrygian cap.

Category: Tribes described primarily by Herodotus

This ship model is made of clay and features a distinctive prow shaped like a boar ’ s head that is described by Herodotus in History, and depicted on pottery, coins seals and drinking cups.

Herodotus had seen and described the Cadmean writing in the temple of Apollo at Thebes engraved on certain tripods.

Category: Tribes described primarily by Herodotus

Abhorrence for this act was so intense that it was described only metaphorically at the time: " Periander baked his bread in a cold oven " ( Herodotus, V 91-93 ).

The temple of Astarte, described by Herodotus, was located in the area reserved to the Phoenicians during the time when the Greek author visited the city.

According to Herodotus, who described the temple's courtyard as a peristyle of columns with giant statues, it was built during the reign of Psammetichus I.

* Herodotus, Greek historian, who visited and described the monuments of the city during the first Persian invasion in the 5th century BCE.

The ram deity of Mendes was described by Herodotus in his History as being represented with the head and fleece of a goat: “... whereas anyone with a sanctuary of Mendes or who comes from the province of Mendes, will have nothing to do with ( sacrificing ) goats, but uses sheep as his sacrificial animals ...

Similar dishes in other tombs were thought to have held Cannabis sativa, confirming a practice described by Herodotus but after tests the mixture was found to be coriander seeds, probably used to disguise the smell of the body.

According to Herodotus, upon his return to his capital, Gelo organized a meeting with the people of Syracuse, and described to them his actions during the war with Hamilcar, and the manner in which he dispersed the spoils.

Some scholars have proposed that the Wusun may have been identical with the people described by Herodotus ( IV. 16-25 ) and in Ptolemy's Geography as Issedones.

Among the most notable were the historians Herodotus ( 484 – 425 ), who described the Greco-Persian Wars ; Thucydides ( 460 – 395 ), who wrote the great History of the Peloponnesian War ; and Xenophon ( 427 – 335 ), who, although sometimes considered a partial and poorly documented writer, in the opinion of historians left a useful source of information about the first years of the 4th century BC.

Pindar, Simonides of Ceos and Hellanicus of Lesbos, contemporaries of Herodotus in the 5th century BC, also all briefly described or referenced the Hyperboreans in their works.

For example, the story of the Amazons settling with the Scythians ( Herodotus Histories 4. 110. 1-117. 1 ).

According to Herodotus, when Anacharsis returned to the Scythians he was killed by his own brother for his Greek ways and especially for the impious attempt to sacrifice to the Mother Goddess Cybele, whose cult was unwelcome among the Scythians.

They are first mentioned in the writings of the Ancient Greeks, in Herodotus ( Histories Book IV XCIII: " the noblest as well as the most just of all the Thracian tribes ") and Thucydides ( Peloponnesian Wars, Book II: " border on the Scythians and are armed in the same manner, being all mounted archers ").

Much of the surviving information about the Scythians comes from the Greek historian Herodotus ( c. 440 BC ) in his Histories and Ovid in his poem of exile Epistulae ex Ponto, and archaeologically from the exquisite goldwork found in Scythian burial mounds in Ukraine and Southern Russia.

Herodotus reported three contradictory versions as to the origins of the Scythians, but placed greatest faith in this version:

The first, more popularly supported, theory roughly follows Herodotus ' ( third ) account, stating that the Scythians were an Iranic group who arrived from Inner Asia, i. e. from the area of Turkestan and western Siberia.

Herodotus provides the first detailed description of the Scythians.

Herodotus also states ( 4. 6 ) that the Scythians consisted of the Auchatae, Catiaroi, Traspians and Paralatae or " Royal Scythians.

Herodotus relates that the nomad Scythians succeeded in frustrating the designs of the Persian army by letting it march through the entire country without an engagement.

Herodotus ( 7. 64 ) describes them as Scythians, called by a different name:

Herodotus relates that three main tribes of the Scythians descended from three brothers, Lipoxais, Arpoxais, and Colaxais:

Herodotus also mentions a royal tribe or clan, an elite which dominated the other Scythians:

Scythians also had a reputation for the use of barbed and poisoned arrows of several types, for a nomadic life centered on horses – " fed from horse-blood " according to Herodotus – and for skill in guerrilla warfare.

Herodotus reports that Scythians used cannabis, both to weave their clothing and to cleanse themselves in its smoke ( Hist.

Herodotus and other classical historians listed quite a number of tribes who lived near the Scythians, and presumably shared the same general milieu and nomadic steppe culture, often called " Scythian culture ", even though scholars may have difficulties in determining their exact relationship to the " linguistic Scythians ".

Only the youngest son succeeded in touching the golden implements without them bursting with fire, and this son's descendants, called by Herodotus the " Royal Scythians ", continued to guard them.

# Thirdly ( 4. 11 ), in the version which Herodotus said he believed most, the Scythians came from a more southern part of Central Asia, until a war with the Massagetae ( a powerful tribe of steppe nomads who lived just northeast of Persia ) forced them westward.

Herodotus ( IV. 64 ) describes them as Scythians, although they figure under a different name:

Although the 2006 Encyclopædia Britannica reflects Herodotus, stating, " They Cimmerians probably did live in the area north of the Black Sea, but attempts to define their original homeland more precisely by archaeological means, or even to fix the date of their expulsion from their country by the Scythians, have not so far been completely successful ," in recent research academic scholars have made use of documents dating to centuries earlier than Herodotus, such as intelligence reports to Sargon, and note that these identify the Cimmerians as living south rather than north of the Black Sea.

According to the Histories of Herodotus ( c. 440 BC ), the Cimmerians had been expelled from the steppes by the Scythians.