Hofstadter collects and studies cognitive errors ( largely, but not solely, speech errors ), " bon mots " ( spontaneous humorous quips ), and analogies of all sorts, and his long-time observation of these diverse products of cognition, and his theories about the mechanisms that underlie them, have exerted a powerful influence on the architectures of the computational models developed by himself and FARG members.

Other drawings of interest include numerous studies generally referred to as " caricatures " because, although exaggerated, they appear to be based upon observation of live models.

This hypothesis is supported by the observation that yeast models of Parkinson's are more susceptible to toxicity from α-synuclein, the major protein component of Lewy bodies, under conditions of low proteasome activity.

* Douglass, D. H., B. D. Pearson, and S. F. Singer ( 2004 ), Altitude dependence of atmospheric temperature trends: Climate models versus observation, Geophys.

In science, Occam's razor is used as a heuristic ( general guiding rule or an observation ) to guide scientists in the development of theoretical models rather than as an arbiter between published models.

Science relies on evidence to validate its theories and models, and the predictions implied by those theories and models should be in agreement with observation.

In probability and statistics, one important type of random function is studied under the name of stochastic processes, for which there are a variety of models describing systems where an observation is a random function of time or space.

Most of them derive from early models formulated by David Marr and James Albus, which were motivated by the observation that each cerebellar Purkinje cell receives two dramatically different types of input: On one hand, thousands of inputs from parallel fibers, each individually very weak ; on the other hand, input from one single climbing fiber, which is, however, so strong that a single climbing fiber action potential will reliably cause a target Purkinje cell to fire a burst of action potentials.

If the observable universe is smaller than the entire universe ( in some models it is many orders of magnitude smaller or even infinitesimal ), observation is limited to a part of the whole.

The key observation that led to the adoption of unified models for powerful radio galaxies and radio-loud quasars was that all quasars appear to be beamed towards us, showing superluminal motion in the cores and bright jets on the side of the source nearest to us ( the Laing-Garrington effect :).

Such models are continually being refined based on particle physics experiments ( which measure nuclear reaction rates ) and astronomical observations ( which include direct observation of mass loss, detection of nuclear products from spectrum observations after convection zones develop from the surface to fusion-burning regions – known as ' dredge-up ' events – and so bring nuclear products to the surface, and many other observations relevant to models ).

These models rely on mathematics rather than price observation.

# Relative value models determine value based on the observation of market prices of similar assets.

In the Modern Age and Renaissance, European herbals diversified and innovated, and came to rely more on direct observation than being mere adaptations of traditional models.

Their innovative design of observation equipment and ground-breaking investigations into the nature of solar radio bursts and the disturbances that gave rise to them cleared the way to classifying most types of bursts by their spectral appearance and presenting models to interpret their characteristics.

Naturalistic observation also allows for study of events that it is deemed unethical to study via experimental models, such as the impact of high school shootings on students attending the high school.

It is based on the observation that in order to reconcile the much higher returns of stocks compared to government bonds in the United States, individuals must have implausibly high risk aversion according to standard economics models.

Audiovox products include mobile multi-media video products, including in-dash, OE radio, overhead, headrest and portable mobile video entertainment systems ; autosound products, including radios, speakers, and amplifiers ; satellite radios, including plug and play models and direct connect models ; automotive security and remote start systems and smartphone interface modules ; automotive power accessories ; rear observation and collision avoidance systems ; lane departure and forward collision systems, personal Navigation devices, and portable DVD players.

Analysis is disaggregate in that individuals are the basic units of observation, yet aggregate because models yield a single set of parameters describing the choice behavior of the population.

He had only mixed success in his original goal, the prediction of monsoonal failures ; however, his theories and broad body of supporting research represented an invaluable step forward, allowing his successors in climate study to move beyond local observation and forecasting toward comprehensive models of climate worldwide.

The Court even observed that " the principal difference between Texas and the other two States and Florida is that the death penalty is an available sentencing option-even potentially-for a smaller class of murders in Texas " ( an ironic observation given that, in the post-Gregg era, Texas has executed more defendants than any other state ).

What is exposited by this observation is not the inherent prejudices of Englishmen but the Anglophobia of Brooks Adams.

Following observation of the fact that the reaction rates of supposedly identical reaction mixtures prepared on the same filling manifold and exposed under identical conditions often differed by several hundred per cent, a systematic series of experiments was undertaken to see whether the difficulty could be ascribed to the method of preparing the chlorine, to the effects of oxygen or moisture or to the effect of surface to volume ratio in the reaction tubes.

The best way to determine the correct figure ( in captives ) is by direct observation of pairs isolated from birth, a method that produced surprising results: maturing of a male Indian python in less than two years, his mate in less than three ; ;

The importance of knowing in what chemical forms the hormone may exist is accentuated by the recent observation that there exists an abnormally long-acting TSH in blood drawn from many thyrotoxic patients ( Adams, 1958 ).

An important observation of Pavlov served as a guide post to achieve such a reversibility by physiological means.

This explanation is attractive, but is vitiated at least in part by the observation that Cynewulf, though he used kennings in the traditional manner, was a literate man who four times inscribed his name by runes into his works.

First of all, and this has been calculated by observation, the universe is expanding -- that is, the galaxies are receding from each other at immense speeds.

Biological anthropologists are interested in both human variation and in the possibility of human universals ( behaviors, ideas or concepts shared by virtually all human cultures ) They use many different methods of study, but modern population genetics, participant observation and other techniques often take anthropologists " into the field ," which means traveling to a community in its own setting, to do something called " fieldwork.

He made use of the time by undertaking far more intensive fieldwork than had been done by British anthropologists, and his classic ethnography, Argonauts of the Western Pacific ( 1922 ) advocated an approach to fieldwork that became standard in the field: getting " the native's point of view " through participant observation.

A range of astronomy software is available and used by amateur astronomers, including software that generates maps of the sky, software to assist with astrophotography, observation scheduling software, and software to perform various calculations pertaining to astronomical phenomena.

Two blocks west of the Old Town is the Kuchlbauer Brewery and beer garden featuring the Kuchlbauer Tower, a colorful and unconventional observation tower designed by Viennese architect Friedensreich Hundertwasser.

This has cooled it down to approximately 1 K, as deduced by astronomical observation, which is the lowest natural temperature ever recorded.

In one such theory, put forward by Sir E. B. Tylor, early humans initially, through mere observation, recognized what might be called a soul, life-force, spirit, breath or animus within themselves ; that which was present in the body in life and absent in death.

In 2001, an article by four doctors in Kidney International, the official journal of the International Society of Nephrology, noted that although to date there had been no controlled studies performed in patients with autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease with refractory pain, their personal observation in isolated cases indicated that the Alexander Technique helped relieve patients ' pain, particularly when accompanied with whirlpool treatments and massage therapy.

Whenever the observer's learning process ( which may be a predictive neural network-see also Neuroesthetics ) leads to improved data compression such that the observation sequence can be described by fewer bits than before, the temporary interestingness of the data corresponds to the number of saved bits.

Some results of Steiner's research have been investigated and supported by scientists working to further and extend scientific observation in directions suggested by an anthroposophical approach.

* In the mid-1970s several armies started equipping their artillery observation teams with laser rangefinders, ground surveillance radars and night vision devices, these were soon followed by inertial orienting and navigating devices to improve the accuracy of target locations.

At the instant of any observation of an object, the apparent position of the object is displaced from its true position by an amount which depends solely upon the transverse component of the velocity of the observer, with respect to the vector of the incoming beam of light ( i. e., the line actually taken by the light on its path to the observer ).

However, from ground level, this sunset would be obscured by a ridge in the landscape, and the viewer would need to be raised by two meters: another observation platform was needed.

The Gendarmenmarkt, a neoclassical square in Berlin whose name dates back to the quarters of the famous Gens d ' armes regiment located here in the 18th century, is bordered by two similarly designed cathedrals, the Französischer Dom with its observation platform and the Deutscher Dom.