This approach was first proposed by the philosopher Edmund Husserl, and later elaborated by other philosophers and scientists.

Husserl proposed that the world of objects and ways in which we direct ourselves toward and perceive those objects is normally conceived of in what he called the " natural standpoint ", which is characterized by a belief that objects materially exist and exhibit properties that we see as emanating from them.

Although Scheler later criticised Husserl's idealistic logical approach and proposed instead a " phenomenology of love ", he states that he remained " deeply indebted " to Husserl throughout his work.

Although a steadfast proponent of a radical and rational autonomy in all things, Husserl could also speak " about his vocation and even about his mission under God's will to find new ways for philosophy and science ," observes Spiegelberg.

David Carr of Yale University commented in 1970 on Husserl's following: " It is well known that Husserl was always disappointed at the tendency of his students to go their own way, to embark upon fundamental revisions of phenomenology rather than engage in the communal task " as originally intended by the radical new science.

Ethan Kleinberg writes that, more than Husserl, it was Martin Heidegger who appealed to Sartre's sense of radical individualism.

Husserl tries new methods of bringing his readers to understand the importance of phenomenology to scientific inquiry ( and specifically to psychology ) and what it means to " bracket " the natural attitude.

One of these was the new and increasingly fashionable movement of Structuralism, which was being widely favoured as the successor to the Phenomenology approach, started by Husserl sixty years earlier.

" This new phenomenology takes over where Husserl left off, and deals with the constitution of relation-like, rather than merely thing-like, or " intentional " objectivity.

In 1912 at Freiburg the journal Jahrbuch für Philosophie und Phänomenologische Forschung was founded by Husserl and his school, which published articles of their phenomenological movement from 1913 to 1930.

Also in Ideen Husserl explicitly elaborates the eidetic and phenomenological reductions.

Maurice Merleau-Ponty () ( 14 March 1908 – 3 May 1961 ) was a French phenomenological philosopher, strongly influenced by Karl Marx, Edmund Husserl, and Martin Heidegger in addition to being closely associated with Jean-Paul Sartre ( who later stated he had been " converted " to Marxism by Merleau-Ponty ) and Simone de Beauvoir.

Rather, Husserl argued that all that philosophy could and should be a description of experience ( hence the phenomenological slogan, " to the things themselves ").

Heidegger himself, who is supposed to have broken with Husserl, bases his hermeneutics on an account of time that not only parallels Husserl's account in many ways but seems to have been arrived at through the same phenomenological method as was used by Husserl ....

Phenomenology, as envisioned by Husserl, is a method of philosophical inquiry that rejects the rationalist bias that has dominated Western thought since Plato in favor of a method of reflective attentiveness that discloses the individual's " lived experience ;" for those with a more phenomenological bent, the goal was to understand experience by comprehending and describing its genesis, the process of its emergence from an origin or event.

Schutz sought to provide a critical philosophical foundation for Max Weber's interpretive sociology through the use of phenomenological methods derived from the transcendental phenomenological investigations of Edmund Husserl.

The phenomenological tie-in with the sociology of knowledge stems from two key historical sources for Mannheim's analysis: Mannheim was dependent on insights derived from Husserl's phenomenological investigations, especially the theory of meaning as found in Husserl's Logical Investigations of 1900 / 1901 ( Husserl: 2000 ), in the formulation of his central methodological work: " On The Interpretation of Weltanschauung " ( Mannheim: 1993: see fn41 & fn43 )-this essay forms the centerpiece for Mannheim's method of historical understanding and is central to his conception of the sociology of knowledge as a research program ; and The concept of " Weltanschauung " employed by Mannheim has its origins in the hermeneutic philosophy of Wilhelm Dilthey, who relied on Husserl's theory of meaning ( above ) for his methodological specification of the interpretive act ( Mannheim: 1993: see fn38 ).

Sometimes depicted as the “ science of experience ,” the phenomenological method is rooted in intentionality, Husserl ’ s theory of consciousness ( developed from Brentano ).

: For Husserl, the phenomenological reduction is the method of leading phenomenological vision from the natural attitude of the human being whose life is involved in the world of things and persons back to the transcendental life of consciousness and its noetic-noematic experiences, in which objects are constituted as correlates of consciousness.

* Max Scheler ( 1874 – 1928 ) developed further the phenomenological method of Edmund Husserl and extended it to include also a reduction of the scientific method.

* Robert Magliola, Phenomenology and Literature ( Purdue University Press, 1977 ; 1978 ) systematically describes, in Part One, the influence of Husserl, Heidegger, and the French Existentialists on the Geneva School and other forms of what becomes known as " phenomenological literary criticism "; and in Part Two describes phenomenological literary theory in Roman Ingarden and Mikel Dufrenne.

He introduced into neuroscience the concepts of neurophenomenology, based on the phenomenological writings of Edmund Husserl and of Maurice Merleau-Ponty, and on " first person science ," in which observers examine their own conscious experience using scientifically verifiable methods.

* Transcendental Phenomenology, a field of phenomenological inquiry developed by Edmund Husserl.

His overall approach in physics was based on the phenomenological philosophy of Edmund Husserl, specifically Husserl's 1913 Ideen zu einer reinen Phänomenologie und phänomenologischen Philosophie.

After about 1928 Weyl had apparently decided that mathematical intuitionism was not compatible with his enthusiasm for the phenomenological philosophy of Husserl, as he had apparently earlier thought.

At the same time the phenomenological philosophy of Husserl and Heidegger became increasingly influential, perhaps owing to its resonances with those French philosophies which placed great stock in the first-person perspective ( an idea found in divergent forms such as Cartesianism, spiritualism, and Bergsonism ).

He recognized " how easy it is for prior beliefs and interpretations to unconsciously influence one ’ s thinking, Husserl ’ s phenomenological method sought to shelve all these presuppositions and interpretations.

* Phenomenologists tend to debate whether or not what Husserl calls the transcendental phenomenological epochê and reduction is useful or even possible.

In an example Husserl explains this in the following way: if you are standing in front of a house, you have a proper, direct presentation of that house, but if you are looking for it and ask for directions, then these directions ( e. g. the house on the corner of this and that street ) are an indirect, improper presentation.

In his professorial doctoral dissertation, On the Concept of Number ( 1886 ) and in his Philosophy of Arithmetic ( 1891 ), Husserl sought, by employing Brentano's descriptive psychology, to define the natural numbers in a way that advanced the methods and techniques of Karl Weierstrass, Richard Dedekind, Georg Cantor, Gottlob Frege, and other contemporary mathematicians.

Whereas Husserl gave priority to a depiction of consciousness that was fundamentally alien to the psychoanalytic conception of the unconscious, Heidegger offered a way to conceptualize experience that could accommodate those aspects of one ’ s existence that lie on the periphery of sentient awareness.

Borrowing language and concepts from a wide variety of philosophical schools, especially Edmund Husserl, the Marburg school of neo-Kantianism, Ernst Cassirer's Philosophy of Symbolic Forms -- and, as some contend, Franz Xaver von Baader, Dooyeweerd builds on this foundation of a supposed " antithesis " to make distinctions between one kind of thinking and another, theorizing that diverse kinds of thinking disclose diverse kinds of meaning, and that this meaning corresponds in some way to the actual state of affairs.

* Positively speaking, phenomenologists tend to justify cognition ( and some also evaluation and action ) with reference to what Edmund Husserl called Evidenz, which is awareness of a matter itself as disclosed in the most clear, distinct, and adequate way for something of its kind ;

This modern Platonism ( sometimes rendered " platonism ," with a lower-case p, to distinguish it from the ancient schools ) has been endorsed in one way or another at one time or another by numerous philosophers ( most of whom taking a particular interest in the philosophy and foundations of logic and mathematics ), including Bernard Bolzano, Gottlob Frege, Edmund Husserl, Bertrand Russell, Alonzo Church, Kurt Gödel, W. V.

Husserl himself taught philosophy as a Privatdozent at Halle from 1887, then as professor, first at Göttingen from 1901, then at Freiburg from 1916 until he retired in 1928.

Then Husserl traveled to Vienna to study at the Realgymnasium there, followed next by the Staatsgymnasium in Olomouc ( Ger: Olmütz ).

Following academic advice, two years later in 1886 Husserl followed Carl Stumpf, a former student of Brentano, to the University of Halle, seeking to obtain his Habilitation which would qualify him to teach at the university level.

In 1913 Karl Jaspers visited Husserl at Göttingen.

Husserl gave four lectures on Phenomenological method at University College, London, in 1922.

" Husserl remained in his professorship at Freiburg until he requested retirement, teaching his last class on July 25, 1928.

Later Husserl lectured at Prague in 1935 and Vienna in 1936, which resulted in a very differently styled work that while innovative is no less problematic: Die Krisis ( Belgrade 1936 ).

Since his university retirement Husserl had " worked at a tremendous pace, producing several major works.

Edmund Husserl died at Freiburg on April 27, 1938, having just turned 79.

Husserl was incorrectly rumoured to have been denied the use of the library at Freiburg as a result of the anti-Jewish legislation the Nazis passed in April 1933.

Some years after the 1900-1901 publication of his main work, the Logische Untersuchungen ( Logical Investigations ), Husserl made some key conceptual elaborations which led him to assert that in order to study the structure of consciousness, one would have to distinguish between the act of consciousness and the phenomena at which it is directed ( the objects as intended ).

Frege's attack seems to be directed at certain foundational doctrines then current in Weierstrass's Berlin School, of which Husserl and Cantor cannot be said to be orthodox representatives.

Martin Heidegger is the best known of Husserl's students, the one whom Husserl chose as his successor at Freiburg.

Roman Ingarden, an early student of Husserl at Freiburg, corresponded with Husserl into the mid-1930s.

Scheler, who was at Göttingen when Husserl taught there, was one of the original few editors of the journal Jahrbuch für Philosophie und Phänomenologische Forschung ( 1913 ).

He was introduced to Husserl's work through his wife, Helene Joseph, herself a student of Husserl at Göttingen.

Ortega y Gasset visited Husserl at Freiburg in 1934.

* Mohanty, J. N., 1974, " Husserl and Frege: A New Look at Their Relationship ", Research in Phenomenology 4: 51-62.

* Husserl Archives at the New School ( New York ).