When he cannot pay them they replace him with their own leader Ibn Iyad.

* 1146-Al-Mustansir accepts the crowns of Valencia and Murcia from the hands of Ibn Iyad.

Ibn Iyad reassumes the title of Emir.

* 976-Caliph Al-Hakam II dies, and Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir takes over in the name of his protégé Hisham II, becoming a military dictator usurping caliphal powers and launching a big number of offensive campaigns against the Christians.

* 1002-Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir dies in the village of Salem.

For centuries his book was obscure, even within the Muslim world, but in the early 19th century extracts were published in German and English based on manuscripts discovered in the Middle East, containing abridged versions of Ibn Juzayy's Arabic text.

This city, however, is notably more obscure, and is not mentioned in the standard medieval Arabic geographical texts, such as Ibn Khordadhbeh, al-Idrisi, or Yaqut al-Hamawi.

Foucault then develops a holistic account of power and uses methods not too dissimilar to the astonishing and outstanding Medieval Islamic polymaths scholars Alhazen, Ibn Sīnā, and Ibn Khaldūn and to a lesser extant prominent science figures from 20th century science such as ; Gregory Bateson, James Lovelock ( the founder of Gaia hypothesis ) and Robert N. Proctor ( Proctor who coined the term Agnotology ) and urges us to think outside the box of this new kind of power, therefore, opening up the possibilities of further investigations into this new perceived, impenetrable nature of biopower and according to Foucault he asks us to remember, this type of power is never neutral nor is it independent from the rest of society but are embedded within society functioning as embellished ' control technology ' specifics. Foucault argues ; nation states, police, government, legal practices, human sciences and medical institutions have their own rationale, cause and effects, strategies, technologies, mechanisms and codes and have managed successfully in the past to obscure there workings by hiding behind observation and scrutiny.

** Ibn Khaldun ( 1332 – 1406 ) – in his Muqaddimah ( later translated as Prolegomena in Latin ), the introduction to a seven volume analysis of universal history, was the first to advance social philosophy and social science in formulating theories of social cohesion and social conflict.

Early Muslim chronicler Ibn Ishaq tells of a pre-Islamic conflict between the last Yemenite king of the Himyarite Kingdom and the residents of Yathrib.

From this conflict, which later caused Maimonides to dispute the authority of Aristotle in all matters transcendental, Ibn Daud was not able to extricate himself ; and, therefore, he rather tries to glide over the existing difficulties than to solve them.

There is evidence of early Muslim sociology from the 14th century: Ibn Khaldun, in his Muqaddimah ( later translated as Prolegomena in Latin ), the introduction to a seven volume analysis of universal history, was the first to advance social philosophy and social science in formulating theories of social cohesion and social conflict.

During the conflict, Basayev was first introduced to the pan-Islamic revolutionary Ibn al-Khattab.

This only aggravated his conflict with Ibn Saud which was already present because of their differences in religious beliefs and with whom he had fought before WWI siding with fellow anti Wahhabi Ottomans in 1910.

The embassy was imprisoned and Ibn al-Zubayr continued the conflict.

After the conquest of the Hejaz in 1924 brought all of the current Saudi state under Ibn Saud's control, the monarch found himself in conflict with elements of the Ikhwan.

Ibn Khaldun ( 1332 – 1406 ), in his Muqaddimah ( later translated as Prolegomena in Latin ), the introduction to a seven volume analysis of universal history, was the first to advance social philosophy and social science in formulating theories of social cohesion and social conflict.

Invoking stories of the early life of the Prophet Muhammad, Ibn Yasin preached that conquest was a necessary addendum to Islamicization, that it was not enough to merely adhere to God's law, but necessary to also destroy opposition to it.

Omari came from Asir Province, a poor region in southwestern Saudi Arabia that borders Yemen, and graduated with honours from high school, attained a degree from the Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, was married, and had a daughter.

( See Muhammad Ibn ' Abd al-Karim al-Khattabi, Annual ).

Classical hadith specialist Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani says that the intended meaning of hadith in religious tradition is something attributed to Muhammad but that is not found in the Quran.

Isaiah is mentioned as a prophet in Ibn kathir's Stories of the Prophets and the modern writers Muhammad Asad and Abdullah Yusuf Ali accepted Isaiah as a true Hebrew prophet, who preached to the Israelites following the death of King David.

After spending another year in Mecca, Ibn Battuta decided to seek employment with the Muslim Sultan of Delhi, Muhammad bin Tughluq.

Similarly, most of Ibn Juzayy's descriptions of places in Palestine were copied from an account by the 13th-century traveller Muhammad al-Abdari.

Ibn al-Jawzi records Muhammad as cursing sodomites in several hadith, and recommending the death penalty for both the active and passive partners in same-sex acts.

Mohamed El-Moctar El-Shinqiti, a contemporary Mauritanian scholar, has argued that " though homosexuality is a grievous sin ... no legal punishment is stated in the Qur ' an for homosexuality ... it is not reported that Prophet Muhammad has punished somebody for committing homosexuality ... there is no authentic hadith reported from the Prophet prescribing a punishment for the homosexuals ..." Hadith scholars such as Al-Bukhari, Yahya ibn Ma ` in, An-Nasa ' i, Ibn Hazm, Al-Tirmidhi, and others have impugned them.

The trials and tribulations of Qiyāmah are explained in both the Qur ' an and the Hadith, as well as in the commentaries of Islamic scholars such as al-Ghazali, Ibn Kathir, and Muhammad al-Bukhari.

According to the Muslim Jurist Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, the quote in which Muhammad is reported to have said that greater Jihad is the inner struggle, is from an unreliable source:

* Abu ' l Hasan Muhammad Ibn Yusuf al -' Amiri

* Abu ' l Walid Muhammad Ibn Rushd

* Abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn Tufayl

* Abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn Yahya Ibn as-Say ' igh Ibn Bajja

* Abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn Zakariyya ' al-Razi

* Abu Muhammad ' Ali Ibn Hazm

* Ahmad Ibn Muhammad Ibn Miskawayh

According to Voll, it was Muhammad Hayyat who taught Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab to reject the popular veneration of saints and their tombs.

First, citing Islamic teachings forbidding grave worship, he persuaded Ibn Mu ' ammar to level the grave of Zayd ibn al-Khattab, a companion of Muhammad, whose grave was revered by locals.

Upon his expulsion from ' Uyayna, Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab was invited to settle in neighboring Diriyah by its ruler Muhammad bin Saud.

21257 in Musnad Ibn Hanbal ) mentions that there were 124, 000 of them in total throughout history ( with other traditions placing the number of Prophets at 224, 000 while other scholars holding that there is even a greater number in the history of mankind, and God alone knows ), and the Qur ' an says that God has sent a prophet to every group of people throughout time, and that Muhammad is the last of the prophets, sent for the whole of humankind.

Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Sīnā ( Persian پور سينا Pur-e Sina " son of Sina "; c. 980 – 1037 ), commonly known as Ibn Sīnā or by his Latinized name Avicenna, was a Persian polymath, who wrote almost 450 treatises on a wide range of subjects, of which around 240 have survived.

A novel called Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, based on Avicenna's story, was later written by Ibn Tufail ( Abubacer ) in the 12th century and translated into Latin and English as Philosophus Autodidactus in the 17th and 18th centuries respectively.

In the 13th century, Ibn al-Nafis wrote his own novel Fadil ibn Natiq, known as Theologus Autodidactus in the West, as a critical response to Hayy ibn Yaqdhan.

Probably sensing the useful organizing power of Ibn Yasin's pious fervor, he was invited by the Lamtuna chieftain Yahya ibn Umar al-Lamtuni to preach to his people.

The Algarve was dominated completely by a muladí coalition led by Sa ' id ibn Mal, who had expelled the Arabs from Beja, and the lords of Ocsónoba, Yahya ibn Bakr, and of Niebla, Ibn Ufayr.

The medieval exegete Abraham ibn Ezra believed that Job was translated from another language and it is therefore unclear " like all translated books " ( Ibn Ezra Job 2: 11 ).

Mather also took inspiration from Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, a philosophical novel by Abu Bakr Ibn Tufail ( whom he refers to as " Abubekar "), a 12th-century Islamic philosopher.

In the 12th century CE the Andalusian Muslim philosopher and novelist Abu Bakr Ibn Tufail ( known as " Abubacer " or " Ebn Tophail " in the West ) included the theory of tabula rasa as a thought experiment in his Arabic philosophical novel, Hayy ibn Yaqdhan in which he depicted the development of the mind of a feral child " from a tabula rasa to that of an adult, in complete isolation from society " on a desert island, through experience alone.

* 1237-Following the death of Ibn Hud, his domains were handed over to Mohammed I ibn Nasr, the founder of the Nasrid kingdom of Granada.

A strong emphasis on experimentation and empiricism led to new results and new observations, which were contrasted and combined with those of Galen by writers such as Rhazes, Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi ( Haly Abbas ), Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi ( Abulasis ), Ibn Sina ( Avicenna ), Ibn Zuhr and Ibn al-Nafis.

In 702 AD Yzid ibn al-Muhallab defeated certain Arab rebels, followers of Ibn al-Ash ' ath, and forced them out of Herat.

Ibn Battuta recorded his visit to the Kilwa Sultanate in 1330, and commented favorably on the humility and religion of its ruler, Sultan al-Hasan ibn Sulaiman, a descendant of the legendary Ali ibn al-Hassan Shirazi.

Owing to this intimate connection with the ibn Tibbons, Anatoli was introduced to the philosophy of Maimonides, the study of which was such a great revelation to him that he, in later days, referred to it as the beginning of his intelligent and true comprehension of the Scriptures, while he frequently alluded to Ibn Tibbon as one of the two masters who had instructed and inspired him.

In a similarly worded Hadith to the one above, Ibn Nuhaas cited a hadith from Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal, where it states that the highest kind of Jihad, is "“ The person who is killed whilst spilling the last of his blood .” 4 / 144

In early 12th-century al-Andalus, the Arabian philosopher, Ibn Tufail ( Abubacer ), wrote discussions on materialism in his philosophical novel, Hayy ibn Yaqdhan ( Philosophus Autodidactus ), while vaguely foreshadowing the idea of a historical materialism.

After his return home, Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab began to attract followers, including the ruler of ' Uyayna, Uthman ibn Mu ' ammar.

* The Improvement of Human Reason, exhibited in the Life of Hai Ebn Yokdhan ( 1708 ), an English translation of Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, a 12th-century philosophical novel by Ibn Tufayl.