Ibn Kaspi was a fierce advocate of Maimonides to such an extent that he left for Egypt in 1314 in order to hear explanations on the latter's Guide of the Perplexed from Maimonides ' grandchildren.

After returning to Quanzhou in 1346, Ibn Battuta began his journey back to Morocco.

The organization of the kingdom developed under Ismail Ibn Sharif ( 1672 – 1727 ), who, against the opposition of local tribes began to create a unified state.

After his return home, Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab began to attract followers, including the ruler of ' Uyayna, Uthman ibn Mu ' ammar.

With Ibn Mu ' ammar's support, Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab began to implement some of his ideas for reform.

With his conquest took place in 843 by Ibn Fadhl Giafar, began Muslim rule.

Ibn Rushd began his career with the help of Ibn Tufail (" Aben Tofail " to the West ), the author of Hayy ibn Yaqdhan and philosophic vizier of Almohad king Abu Yaqub Yusuf who was an amateur of philosophy and science.

From the ninth century onward, owing to Caliph al-Ma ' mun and his successor, Greek philosophy was introduced among the Arabs, and the Peripatetic school began to find able representatives among them ; such were Al-Kindi, Al-Farabi, Ibn Sina ( Avicenna ), and Ibn Rushd ( Averroës ), all of whose fundamental principles were considered as criticized by the Mutakallamin.

From the ninth century onward, owing to Caliph al-Ma ' mun and his successor, Greek philosophy was introduced among the Persians and Arabs, and the Peripatetic school began to find able representatives among them ; such were Al-Kindi, Farabi, Ibn Sina ( Avicenna ), and Ibn Rushd ( Averroës ), all of whose fundamental principles were considered as criticized by the Mutakallamin.

From the 9th century onwards, owing to Caliph al-Ma ' mun and his successor, Greek philosophy and Hellenistic philosophy were introduced among the Persians and Arabs, and the Peripatetic and Neoplatonic schools began to find able representatives among them ; such were al-Kindi, al-Farabi, Avicenna ( Ibn Sina ), and Averroes ( Ibn Rushd ), all of whose fundamental principles were considered as criticized by the Mutakallamin.

Evaluating the narrators of hadith began in the generation following that of the Companions based upon the statement of Muhammad Ibn Sirin, “ They did not previously inquire about the isnad.

He also began widespread enforcement of new kingdom's ideology, based on the teachings of Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab.

Ibn ‘ Arabī ’ s dogmatic and intellectual training began in Seville, then the cultural and civilized center of Muslim Iberia, in 578 AH.

As from this point the real genius of Ibn ‘ Arabī began to emerge and he became universal.

Having left behind all the traces of his past, Ibn ‘ Arabī began his long journey to the East from Marrakesh where he had a marvelous vision of the Divine Throne.

Philby secretly began to favour Ibn Saud over Sherif Hussein as " King of the Arabs ", a difference with British policy, which was promising support for the Hashemite dynasty in the post-Ottoman world.

Shortly after Philby's resignation, Ibn Saud began to call for the overthrow of the Hashemite dynasty.

Rather than just relying on impeachment, Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani obliged rebellion upon the people if the caliph began to act with no regard for Islamic law.

In the West, some researchers would date the origins of sinology as far back as Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta in the 13th and 14th century, but the systematic study of China began in the late 16th century, when Jesuit missionaries based at St. Paul's College, Macao, notably Matteo Ricci, introduced Christianity to China.

His book represents the earliest known writing about the magnetic compass, movable type printing, experimentation with the camera obscura only decades after Ibn al-Haytham, and includes many different fields of study in essay and encyclopedic form, including geology, astronomy, botany, zoology, mineralogy, anatomy, pharmacology, geography, optics, economics, military strategy, philosophy, etc.

Some of those, such as Ibn Tebul, Israel Sarug and mostly Chaim Vital, put his teachings into writing.

According to Ibn ʻAbd al-Ḥakam writing around 860, Ṭāriq, commander of the Arab-Berber garrison of Tangiers, crossed the straits of Gibraltar with ships from a certain Count Julian ( Arabic Ilyan ), lord of Ceuta and " Alchadra " ( Algeciras ), and landed near Cartagena, which he took and made his headquarters.

Averroes ( Ibn Rushd ) is most famous for his commentaries on Aristotle's works and for writing The Incoherence of the Incoherence in which he defended the falasifa against al-Ghazali's The Incoherence of the Philosophers.

Ibn ‘ Arabī started writing this book with all the purity of his intentions and his deepest aspirations.

Ibn Warraq continued writing with several works examining the historiography of the Qur ' an and Muhammad, raising a great deal of controversy that allowed certain Islamic leaders to arouse animosity in their communities in the process.

Ibn Taymiyyah's attacks on Ibn Arabi drew the ire of many Sufis and even led the famous Sufi and Islamic scholar Ibn ' Ata Allah al-Iskandari to devote a significant portion of the last years of his life writing refutations of Ibn Taymiyyah's attacks on Ibn Arabi.

Ibn Arabi seems to have adopted his version of the Logos concept from Neoplatonic and Christian sources, although ( writing in Arabic rather than Greek ) he used more than twenty different terms when discussing it.

Can we already find the roots of this approach in the writings of Samuel ben Judah ibn Tibbon, a few years after the writing of the Guide ?... Ibn Tibbon's comments reveal his general approach toward the nature of the contradictions in the Guide: The interpreter need not be troubled by contradiction when one assertion is consistent with the " philosophic view " whereas the other is completely satisfactory to " men of religion ".

The best source on this is Ibn Khaldun, writing several decades later, who blamed it on Bedouin invasions and Nubian intermarriage with Arabs.

The Arabian chronicler, Ibn Battuta, writing on the Riau islands in the 13th century states: " Here there are little islands, from which armed black pirates with poised arrows emerged, possessing armed warships ; they plunder people but do not enslave them.

More safely, we may assume that a form of the text must have existed after the Rasa ' il Ikhwan al-safa ' were composed and before the time Ibn Juljul was writing, quite surely in the late 10th century AD.

According to the Sunni scholar Ibn Asakir in the 12th century, there were opportunities for female education in the medieval Islamic world, writing that women could study, earn ijazahs ( academic degrees ), and qualify as scholars and teachers.

" From Ibn Hawqal writing in around 977 we learn that the distance from Aoudaghost to Ghana ( presumably the capital of the Empire ) was 10 days ' journey for a lightly loaded caravan.

Naskh ( ; also known as Naskhi or by its Turkish name Nesih ) is a specific calligraphic style for writing in the Arabic alphabet, thought to be invented by the Iranian calligrapher Ibn Muqlah Shirazi ().

Ibn Sa ' id, however, writing in 1270 provides a new geography showing that Kanem at the very least had become independent, and research by German scholar Dierk Lange studying the Girgam or Diwan of Kanem, argue that the change in sovereignty is correlated with changes in the origins of the wives of the rulers, moving from northern clans, presumably associated with the Zaghawa to a single southern lineage.

-1033 CE ), known also as Ibn Al-Thahabi, was an Arab physician, famous for writing the first known alphabetical encyclopedia of medicine.

The earliest reference to muḥaqqaq writing is found in the Kitab al-Fihrist by Ibn al-Nadim, and the term was probably in use since the beginning of the Abbasid era to denote a specific writing style.

But, again, we have no real evidence on this from that quarter until the close of the ninth century A.D., when an Arabic scholar, Tabit Ibn Korra ( 836-901 ) is said to have discussed the magic square of three.

Ibn al-Athir ( 1166 – 1234 ) describes Alfonso as a tireless soldier who would sleep in his armor without benefit of cover, who responded when asked why he did not take his pleasure from one of the captives of Muslim chiefs, responded that the man devoted to war needs the companionship of men not women.

At first, he sought an understanding with the Abbasids, but when they refused his terms and demanded his submission, Ibn Habib broke openly with the Abbasids and invited the remnants of the Umayyad dynasty to take refuge in his dominions.

For Avicenna ( Ibn Sina ), for example, the a tabula rasa is a pure potentiality that is actualized through education, and knowledge is attained through " empirical familiarity with objects in this world from which one abstracts universal concepts " developed through a " syllogistic method of reasoning in which observations lead to propositional statements which when compounded lead to further abstract concepts.

" The Andalusian astronomer Ibn Bajjah (" Avempace ", d. 1138 ) proposed that the Milky Way was made up of many stars that almost touch one another and appear to be a continuous image due to the effect of refraction from sublunary material, citing his observation of the conjunction of Jupiter and Mars as evidence of this occurring when two objects are near.

Although Ibn Battuta never mentioned this visit specifically, when he heard the story it may have planted a seed in his mind as he then decided to cross the Sahara and visit the Muslim kingdoms on its far side.

In a battlefield context, when jihad is used to denote warfare, Ibn Nuhaas cited the following hadith to explain the meaning of the " best Jihad ":

The first move came in 1922 at a boundary conference in Uqair when the prospector Major Frank Holmes tried to include Qatar in an oil concession he was discussing with Ibn Saud.

The nature of this document as recorded by Ibn Ishaq and transmitted by Ibn Hisham is the subject of dispute among modern Western historians, many of whom maintain that this " treaty " is possibly a collage of different agreements, oral rather than written, of different dates, and that it is not clear exactly when they were made.

Although named after Dutch astronomer Willebrord Snellius ( 1580 – 1626 ), the law was first accurately described by the Arab scientist Ibn Sahl at Baghdad court, when in 984 he used the law to derive lens shapes that focus light with no geometric aberrations in the manuscript On Burning Mirrors and Lenses ( 984 ).

He then reported that the preeminent Muhaddith Ibn Khuzaymah said: “ it is an invention of the heretics ” when once asked about it.

The first planetary model without any epicycles was that of Ibn Bajjah ( Avempace ) in 12th century Andalusian Spain, but epicycles were not eliminated in Europe until the 17th century, when Johannes Kepler's model of elliptical orbits gradually replaced Copernicus ' model based on perfect circles.

Abu al-Ma ' ali ' Uzziel Ibn Hibat Allah was the personal physician of Saladin and arranged employment for Maimonides when he fled to Egypt.

Ibn Falaquera did not hesitate to modify Islamic philosophic texts their texts when it suited his purposes.

Ibn Sina refers to the secondary education stage of maktab schooling as the period of specialization, when pupils should begin to acquire manual skills, regardless of their social status.

# The lowest of the levels of praise is, for example, satisfactory in hadith ( ṣāliḥ al-ḥadīth ), meaning according to Ibn Ḥajr, this includes acceptable ( maqbūl ) meaning, when supported by other narrators.

However, the alliance between the Ikhwan and the Al Saud collapsed when Ibn Saud forbade further raiding ; the remaining territories all had treaties with London.

However, in 1938, when an attack on a main British pipeline in the Kingdom of Iraq was found to be connected to the German Ambassador, Dr. Fritz Grobba, Ibn Saud provided Grobba with refuge.

Ibn Saud was fifteen when he was first married.

The earliest recorded attempt to build a dam near Aswan was in the 11th century, when the Arab polymath and engineer Ibn al-Haytham ( known as Alhazen in the West ) was summoned to Egypt by the Fatimid Caliph, Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, to regulate the flooding of the Nile, a task requiring an early attempt at an Aswan Dam.

Ibn ‘ Arabī was about sixteen when he went into seclusion.

The next five years were a time when Ibn ‘ Arabī entered into a different world.