He was particularly renowned for his extraordinary skill in interpreting dreams as attested by the Arabs ' greatest intellectuals, such as Al-Gaheth, Ibn Qutaybah and Ibn Khaldoun, who considered his work as crucial in this field.

* Al-Maarif, by Ibn Qutaybah, page 77, Chapter " Dhikr Umar "

1 ) Al Maarif, by Ibn Qutaybah page 77, Chapter " Dhikr Umar "

* al Maarif, by Ibn Qutaybah page 77, Chapter " Dhikr Umar "

Already in the 870s the family was described by Ibn Qutaybah as being berberised in customs.

Ibn Qutaybah ( 828 – 885 CE / 213 – 276 AH ) was a renowned Islamic scholar of Iranic origin.

Shaykh Muhib al-Din al-Khatib states in his edition of the work "` Awasim min al-Qawasim " of Abu Bakr ibn al -` Arabi al-Maliki, " Nothing from it has been credibly attributed to Ibn Qutaybah at all.

# REDIRECT Ibn Qutaybah

# REDIRECT Ibn Qutaybah

# redirect Ibn Qutaybah

* For a new understanding of his early career, based on a newly discovered text, see also: Michot, Yahya, Ibn Sînâ: Lettre au vizir Abû Sa'd.

Invoking stories of the early life of the Prophet Muhammad, Ibn Yasin preached that conquest was a necessary addendum to Islamicization, that it was not enough to merely adhere to God's law, but necessary to also destroy opposition to it.

Tabari relates ( Suyuti also relates the same through Ibn Sa'd al-Baghdadi's report ) from Aisha her description of Abu Bakr:

The nature of " being " has also been debated and explored in Islamic philosophy, notably by Ibn Sina, Suhrawardi, and Mulla Sadra.

In the early 13th century, Abu al-Abbas al-Nabati, and Ibn al-Baitar ( d. 1248 ) also wrote on botany.

Mather also took inspiration from Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, a philosophical novel by Abu Bakr Ibn Tufail ( whom he refers to as " Abubekar "), a 12th-century Islamic philosopher.

He may have also been inspired by the Latin or English translation of a book by the Andalusian-Arab Muslim polymath Ibn Tufail, who was known as " Abubacer " in Europe.

(, ), or simply Ibn Battuta (), also known as Shams ad-Din ( February 25, 1304 – 1368 or 1369 ), was a Berber Muslim Moroccan explorer, known for his extensive travels, accounts of which were published in the Rihla ( lit.

Ibn Battuta also mentions visiting Sana ' a, but whether he actually did so is doubtful.

The madh ' hab he observed was Imam Al-Shafi ‘ i, with similar customs as he had seen in coastal India especially among the Mappila Muslim, who were also the followers of Imam Al-Shafi ‘ i. Ibn Battuta then sailed to Malacca, Vietnam, the Philippines and finally Quanzhou in Fujian province, China.

Ibn Battuta arrived in the Chinese port city of Quanzhou, also known as Zaytun ).

Ibn Battuta also mentions Chinese cuisine and its usage of animals such as frogs.

He also described traveling further north, through the Grand Canal to Beijing, but as he neared the capital an internal power struggle among the Yuan Mongols erupted, causing Ibn Battuta and his Hui guides to return to the south coast.

Ibn Battuta also reported " the rampart of Yajuj and Majuj " was " sixty days ' travel " from the city of Zeitun ( Quanzhou ); Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb notes that Ibn Battuta believed that Great Wall of China was built by Dhul-Qarnayn to contain Gog and Magog as mentioned in the Quran.

However Ibn Battuta also mentioned an ingenious trick used by locals that allowed them to hunt hippopotamus for both their meat and hides.

During most of his journey in the Mali Empire, Ibn Battuta travelled with a retinue that included slaves, most of whom carried goods for trade but would also be traded as slaves.

The information is also second hand, and not derived from Ibn al-Shaykh's personal experience.

His knowledge of optics was connected to the handed-down long-standing tradition of the Kitab al-manazir ( The Optics ; De aspectibus ) of the Arab polymath Alhazen ( Ibn al-Haytham, d. c. 1041 ), which was mediated by Franciscan optical workshops of the 13th-century Perspectivae traditions of scholars such as Roger Bacon, John Peckham and Witelo ( similar influences are also traceable in the third commentary of Lorenzo Ghiberti, Commentario terzo ).

Arab interest in Maldives also was reflected in the residence there in the 1340s of the well-known North African traveler Ibn Battutah.

According to biographies preserved by Ibn al-Nadim and the Persian polymath al-Biruni, he allegedly received a revelation as a youth from a spirit, whom he would later call his Twin ( Aramaic Tauma ( תאומא ), from which is also derived the name of the apostle Thomas, the " twin "), his Syzygos ( Greek for " partner ", in the Cologne Mani-Codex ), his Double, his Protective Angel or ' Divine Self '.

Parabolic mirrors were also described by the physicist Ibn Sahl in the 10th century, and Ibn al-Haytham discussed concave and convex mirrors in both cylindrical and spherical geometries, carried out a number of experiments with mirrors, and solved the problem of finding the point on a convex mirror at which a ray coming from one point is reflected to another point.

Ancient Romans such as Pliny ( N. H. 5. 10 ) thought that the river near Timbuktu was part of the Nile River, a belief also held by Ibn Battuta, while early European explorers thought that it flowed west and joined the Senegal River.

Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya also posited that human reason could discern between ' great sins ' and good deeds.

In philosophy and the humanities, Jacques Derrida, the father of deconstruction, was born in El Biar in Algiers ; Malek Bennabi and Frantz Fanon are noted for their thoughts on decolonization ; Augustine of Hippo was born in Tagaste ( modern-day Souk Ahras ); and Ibn Khaldun, though born in Tunis, wrote the Muqaddima while staying in Algeria.

The Middle Ages have known many arabic writers who revolutionized the Arab world literature with authors like Ahmad al-Buni and Ibn Manzur and Ibn Khaldoun who wrote the Muqaddimah while staying in Algeria, and many others.

Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Sīnā ( Persian پور سينا Pur-e Sina " son of Sina "; c. 980 – 1037 ), commonly known as Ibn Sīnā or by his Latinized name Avicenna, was a Persian polymath, who wrote almost 450 treatises on a wide range of subjects, of which around 240 have survived.

In the 13th century, Ibn al-Nafis wrote his own novel Fadil ibn Natiq, known as Theologus Autodidactus in the West, as a critical response to Hayy ibn Yaqdhan.

Ibn Idhari wrote that the name was suggested by Ibn Yasin in the " persevering in the fight " sense, to boost morale after a particularly hard-fought battle in the Draa valley c. 1054, in which they had taken many losses.

Meanwhile, around 1240, the Coptic Egyptian Christian writer, ' Abul Fada ' il Ibn al -' Assal, wrote the Fetha Negest in Arabic.

Ibn Abd-el-Hakem was an Egyptian who wrote the History of the Conquest of Egypt and North Africa and Spain, which was the earliest Arab account of the Islamic conquests of those countries.

In early 12th-century al-Andalus, the Arabian philosopher, Ibn Tufail ( Abubacer ), wrote discussions on materialism in his philosophical novel, Hayy ibn Yaqdhan ( Philosophus Autodidactus ), while vaguely foreshadowing the idea of a historical materialism.

In 984, the Persian mathematician Ibn Sahl wrote the treatise " On burning mirrors and lenses ", correctly describing a law of refraction equivalent to Snell's law.

In the early 11th century, Alhazen ( Ibn al-Haytham ) wrote the Book of Optics ( Kitab al-manazir ) in which he explored reflection and refraction and proposed a new system for explaining vision and light based on observation and experiment.

Around the 970s an Arabic envoy Ibn Sulaym went to Dongola and wrote an account afterwards ; it is now our most important source for this period.

The great 14th-century scholar Ibn Khaldun, wrote: " the Black nations are, as a rule, submissive to slavery, because ( Blacks ) have little that is ( essentially ) human and possess attributes that are quite similar to those of dumb animals ".

According to Hamid S. Hosseini, the power of supply and demand was understood to some extent by several early Muslim scholars, such as fourteenth-century Mamluk scholar Ibn Taymiyyah, who wrote:

Ibn Ezra hinted, and Bonfils explicitly stated, that Joshua wrote these verses many years after the death of Moses.

Ibn Wahshiya wrote the Book on Poisons in the 9th or 10th century.

Ibn al-Athir wrote: " They Muslims were treated kindly, and they were protected, even against the Franks.

He also made a compilation of the works of Galen, and wrote a commentary on the Canon of Medicine ( Qanun fi't-tibb ) of Avicenna ( Ibn Sina ) ( 980-1037 ).

In the tenth century, the Arabic scholar Ibn al-Haytham ( Alhazen ) also wrote about observing a solar eclipse through a pinhole, and he described how a sharper image could be produced by making the opening of the pinhole smaller.

Ibn al-Haytham ( Alhazen ) wrote extensively on optics and the anatomy of the eye in his Book of Optics ( 1021 ).

* c. 1248 – Ibn al-Baitar wrote on botany and pharmacy, studied animal anatomy and medicine veterinary medicine.

Ibn al-Astarkuwi or al-Ashtarkuni ( d. 1134 ) also wrote in the genre maqamat, comparable to later European picaresque novels.

The 10th-century Persian scientist Ibn al-Haytham ( Alhazen ) wrote about naturally-occurring rudimentary pinhole cameras.