An explanation for this choice can only be conjectured from Ibn al-Athir ’ s account of the battle between Alp-Arslan and Kutalmish, in which he writes that Alp-Arslan wept for the latter's death and greatly mourned the loss of his kinsman.

Ibn al-Athir ( 1166 – 1234 ) describes Alfonso as a tireless soldier who would sleep in his armor without benefit of cover, who responded when asked why he did not take his pleasure from one of the captives of Muslim chiefs, responded that the man devoted to war needs the companionship of men not women.

Also notable are works of universal history ( or sociology ) from Asharites, al-Tabri, al-Masudi, Tabari's History of the Prophets and Kings, Ibn Rustah, al-Athir, and Ibn Khaldun, whose Muqadimmah contains cautions regarding trust in written records that remain wholly applicable today.

Ibn al-Athir ( d. 1233 ), on the other hand, produced a more hostile picture.

The battle ended in a Zengid victory, and Saladin is credited to have helped Shirkuh in one of the " most remarkable victories in recorded history ", according to Ibn al-Athir, although more of Shirkuh's men were killed and the battle is considered by most sources as not a total victory.

Ibn al-Athir claims that the caliph chose him after being told by his advisers that " there is no one weaker or younger " than Saladin, and " not one of the emirs obeyed him or served him.

Nonetheless, Imad al-Din writes the raid was alarming to the Muslims because they were not accustomed to attacks on that sea and Ibn al-Athir adds that the inhabitants had no experience with the Crusaders either as fighters or traders.

* Ibn al-Athir

* Ibn al-Athir, Anatolian historian ( d. 1233 )

* Ibn al-Athir, Arabian historian ( b. 1160 )

According to the historian Muslim Ibn al-Athir, Imperial casualties numbered around 4, 000.

According to Muslim historians such as Ibn Khaldun and Ali ibn al-Athir, Amalek is a name given to the Amorites and the Canaanites.

Later writers ( such as the 13th century Old French Continuation of William of Tyre and the Latin Continuation of William of Tyre ) conflated these two incidents, claiming erroneously that Saladin's sister, aunt, or even mother, had been taken prisoner, but this is contradicted by Arabic sources, such as Abu Shama and Ibn al-Athir.

This account, more rich in detail than the Mozarabic Chronicle, is at odds with not only the later Latin histories, but also the later Arabic ones: the anonymous compilation called the Akhbar Majmu ' ah, the late tenth-century work of Ibn al-Qūṭiyya (" the son descendant of the Goth Wittiza "), the eleventh-century historian Ibn Hayyān, the thirteenth-century Complete History of Ibn al-Athir, the fourteenth-century history of Ibn Khaldūn, or the early modern work of al-Maqqarī.

Other works of universal history from al-Tabari, al-Masudi, Ibn al-Athir, and Ibn Khaldun himself, were quite influential in what we now call archaeology and ethnology.

The Muslim commander at Burbia is named in Ibn al-Athir as Yūsuf ibn Bukht and the battle is likewise recorded in al-Maqqarī.

Later in 960, according to Muslim historians Ibn Miskawaih and Ibn al-Athir, there was a mass conversion of the Turks ( reportedly " 200, 000 tents of the Turks "), circumstantial evidence suggests these were the Karakhanids.

It is quoted by Ibn al-Athir:

In philosophy and the humanities, Jacques Derrida, the father of deconstruction, was born in El Biar in Algiers ; Malek Bennabi and Frantz Fanon are noted for their thoughts on decolonization ; Augustine of Hippo was born in Tagaste ( modern-day Souk Ahras ); and Ibn Khaldun, though born in Tunis, wrote the Muqaddima while staying in Algeria.

The Middle Ages have known many arabic writers who revolutionized the Arab world literature with authors like Ahmad al-Buni and Ibn Manzur and Ibn Khaldoun who wrote the Muqaddimah while staying in Algeria, and many others.

Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Sīnā ( Persian پور سينا Pur-e Sina " son of Sina "; c. 980 – 1037 ), commonly known as Ibn Sīnā or by his Latinized name Avicenna, was a Persian polymath, who wrote almost 450 treatises on a wide range of subjects, of which around 240 have survived.

In the 13th century, Ibn al-Nafis wrote his own novel Fadil ibn Natiq, known as Theologus Autodidactus in the West, as a critical response to Hayy ibn Yaqdhan.

Ibn Idhari wrote that the name was suggested by Ibn Yasin in the " persevering in the fight " sense, to boost morale after a particularly hard-fought battle in the Draa valley c. 1054, in which they had taken many losses.

In the early 13th century, Abu al-Abbas al-Nabati, and Ibn al-Baitar ( d. 1248 ) also wrote on botany.

Meanwhile, around 1240, the Coptic Egyptian Christian writer, ' Abul Fada ' il Ibn al -' Assal, wrote the Fetha Negest in Arabic.

Ibn Abd-el-Hakem was an Egyptian who wrote the History of the Conquest of Egypt and North Africa and Spain, which was the earliest Arab account of the Islamic conquests of those countries.

In early 12th-century al-Andalus, the Arabian philosopher, Ibn Tufail ( Abubacer ), wrote discussions on materialism in his philosophical novel, Hayy ibn Yaqdhan ( Philosophus Autodidactus ), while vaguely foreshadowing the idea of a historical materialism.

In 984, the Persian mathematician Ibn Sahl wrote the treatise " On burning mirrors and lenses ", correctly describing a law of refraction equivalent to Snell's law.

In the early 11th century, Alhazen ( Ibn al-Haytham ) wrote the Book of Optics ( Kitab al-manazir ) in which he explored reflection and refraction and proposed a new system for explaining vision and light based on observation and experiment.

Around the 970s an Arabic envoy Ibn Sulaym went to Dongola and wrote an account afterwards ; it is now our most important source for this period.

The great 14th-century scholar Ibn Khaldun, wrote: " the Black nations are, as a rule, submissive to slavery, because ( Blacks ) have little that is ( essentially ) human and possess attributes that are quite similar to those of dumb animals ".

According to Hamid S. Hosseini, the power of supply and demand was understood to some extent by several early Muslim scholars, such as fourteenth-century Mamluk scholar Ibn Taymiyyah, who wrote:

Ibn Ezra hinted, and Bonfils explicitly stated, that Joshua wrote these verses many years after the death of Moses.

Ibn Wahshiya wrote the Book on Poisons in the 9th or 10th century.

He also made a compilation of the works of Galen, and wrote a commentary on the Canon of Medicine ( Qanun fi't-tibb ) of Avicenna ( Ibn Sina ) ( 980-1037 ).

In the tenth century, the Arabic scholar Ibn al-Haytham ( Alhazen ) also wrote about observing a solar eclipse through a pinhole, and he described how a sharper image could be produced by making the opening of the pinhole smaller.

Ibn al-Haytham ( Alhazen ) wrote extensively on optics and the anatomy of the eye in his Book of Optics ( 1021 ).

* c. 1248 – Ibn al-Baitar wrote on botany and pharmacy, studied animal anatomy and medicine veterinary medicine.

Ibn al-Astarkuwi or al-Ashtarkuni ( d. 1134 ) also wrote in the genre maqamat, comparable to later European picaresque novels.

The 10th-century Persian scientist Ibn al-Haytham ( Alhazen ) wrote about naturally-occurring rudimentary pinhole cameras.

They may have dealt with the security of his kingdom from the ongoing attacks of the Ibn Mugait brothers.

The biographer Ibn Khallikan writes, " Historians agree in stating that father and family belonged to Duwin < nowiki >< nowiki ></ nowiki >.... They were Kurds and belonged to the Rawādiya ( sic ), which is a branch of the great tribe al-Hadāniya ": Minorsky ( 1953 ), p. 124.

They left after 13 days, following a resistance led by Alah Ibn Hazm and the city's inhabitants.

They were: Abu Huraira, Abdullah ibn Umar, Aisha, Jabir ibn Abdullah, Ibn Abbas and Anas ibn Malik with Abu Huraira being the most prolific of them.

Evaluating the narrators of hadith began in the generation following that of the Companions based upon the statement of Muhammad Ibn Sirin, “ They did not previously inquire about the isnad.

They traveled again to Almeria, where they spent the month of Ramadan in 595 AH and Ibn ‘ Arabī wrote Mawāqi ‘ al-Nujūm over a period of eleven nights.

The biographer Ibn Khallikan writes, " Historians agree in stating that father and family belonged to Duwin < nowiki >< nowiki ></ nowiki >.... They were Kurds and belonged to the Rawādiya ( sic ), which is a branch of the great tribe al-Hadāniya ": Minorsky ( 1953 ), p. 124.

They say that none of the majority of the people failed to turn up, according to my knowledge-except three individuals ; they were well known for their enmity for Ibn Taymiyyah and thus, hid away from the people out of fear for their lives.

They have based their understanding on the original manuscript in the Zaheer Library, and the transmission by Ibn Taymiyya's student Ibn Muflih.

They were said by Khalil Ibn Ahmad ( d. 786 ) to believe that they " belonged " to the prophet Noah.

They formed an alliance in 1744 which was formalized by the wedding of Muhammad bin Abdul-Wahhab's daughter to Abdul Aziz, son and successor of Ibn Saud.

They were studied by Islamic and Jewish scholars, including Rabbi Moses Maimonides ( 1135 – 1204 ) and the Muslim Judge Ibn Rushd, known in the West as Averroes ( 1126 – 1198 ); both were originally from Cordoba, Spain, although the former left Iberia and by 1168 lived in Egypt.

Ibn Abbas said about verse 2: 5 in the Quran, " guidance for the Muttaqin ", that it means, " They are the believers who avoid shirk with Allah ( swt ) and who work in His obedience.

They attacked Ibn Saud for introducing such innovations as telephones, automobiles, and the telegraph and for sending his son to a country of unbelievers ( Egypt ).

Abu Dulaf ( ca 940 ), and Ibn al-Fakikh wrote about the Kimak Kaganate: " They have reeds with which they write ".

They were later rebuilt by the Coptic layman Abu El-Fakhr Salib Ibn Mikhail.

They depend on the narrations of: Abu Abbas Khawarazmi from Al-Hussain Ibn Ali ( A ), Sayid Jalal al-Din Abu al-Hamid Ibn Fakhr al-Musawi, and Dulabi from Imam Baqir and his father ( A )

They belonged to the Masmuda-led Almohad alliance according to al-Baydaq, Ibn Hazm and Ibn Khaldun.

" They replied, " Yes, Amr Ibn Kulthum.