An explanation for this choice can only be conjectured from Ibn al-Athir ’ s account of the battle between Alp-Arslan and Kutalmish, in which he writes that Alp-Arslan wept for the latter's death and greatly mourned the loss of his kinsman.

Ibn al-Athir ( 1166 – 1234 ) describes Alfonso as a tireless soldier who would sleep in his armor without benefit of cover, who responded when asked why he did not take his pleasure from one of the captives of Muslim chiefs, responded that the man devoted to war needs the companionship of men not women.

Also notable are works of universal history ( or sociology ) from Asharites, al-Tabri, al-Masudi, Tabari's History of the Prophets and Kings, Ibn Rustah, al-Athir, and Ibn Khaldun, whose Muqadimmah contains cautions regarding trust in written records that remain wholly applicable today.

Ibn al-Athir ( d. 1233 ), on the other hand, produced a more hostile picture.

The battle ended in a Zengid victory, and Saladin is credited to have helped Shirkuh in one of the " most remarkable victories in recorded history ", according to Ibn al-Athir, although more of Shirkuh's men were killed and the battle is considered by most sources as not a total victory.

Nonetheless, Imad al-Din writes the raid was alarming to the Muslims because they were not accustomed to attacks on that sea and Ibn al-Athir adds that the inhabitants had no experience with the Crusaders either as fighters or traders.

* Ibn al-Athir

* Ibn al-Athir, Anatolian historian ( d. 1233 )

* Ibn al-Athir, Arabian historian ( b. 1160 )

According to the historian Muslim Ibn al-Athir, Imperial casualties numbered around 4, 000.

Ibn al-Athir wrote: " They Muslims were treated kindly, and they were protected, even against the Franks.

According to Muslim historians such as Ibn Khaldun and Ali ibn al-Athir, Amalek is a name given to the Amorites and the Canaanites.

Later writers ( such as the 13th century Old French Continuation of William of Tyre and the Latin Continuation of William of Tyre ) conflated these two incidents, claiming erroneously that Saladin's sister, aunt, or even mother, had been taken prisoner, but this is contradicted by Arabic sources, such as Abu Shama and Ibn al-Athir.

This account, more rich in detail than the Mozarabic Chronicle, is at odds with not only the later Latin histories, but also the later Arabic ones: the anonymous compilation called the Akhbar Majmu ' ah, the late tenth-century work of Ibn al-Qūṭiyya (" the son descendant of the Goth Wittiza "), the eleventh-century historian Ibn Hayyān, the thirteenth-century Complete History of Ibn al-Athir, the fourteenth-century history of Ibn Khaldūn, or the early modern work of al-Maqqarī.

Other works of universal history from al-Tabari, al-Masudi, Ibn al-Athir, and Ibn Khaldun himself, were quite influential in what we now call archaeology and ethnology.

The Muslim commander at Burbia is named in Ibn al-Athir as Yūsuf ibn Bukht and the battle is likewise recorded in al-Maqqarī.

Later in 960, according to Muslim historians Ibn Miskawaih and Ibn al-Athir, there was a mass conversion of the Turks ( reportedly " 200, 000 tents of the Turks "), circumstantial evidence suggests these were the Karakhanids.

It is quoted by Ibn al-Athir:

There are early legends of human flight such as the story of Icarus, and Jamshid in Persian myth, and later, somewhat more credible claims of short-distance human flights appear, such as the flying automaton of Archytas of Tarentum ( 428 – 347 BC ), the winged flights of Abbas Ibn Firnas ( 810 – 887 ), Eilmer of Malmesbury ( 11th century ), and the hot-air Passarola of Bartolomeu Lourenço de Gusmão ( 1685 – 1724 ).

Ibn Šaddād furthermore claims that Tamar outbid the Byzantine emperor in her efforts to obtain the relics of the True Cross, offering 200, 000 gold pieces to Saladin who had taken the relics as booty at the battle of Hattin – to no avail, however.

Ibn Rushd was a defender of Aristotelian philosophy against claims from the influential Islamic theologian Ghazali who attacked philosophy so it would not become an affront to the teachings of Islam.

There are early legends of human flight such as the story of Icarus, and Jamshid in Persian myth, and later, somewhat more credible claims of short-distance human flights appear, such as the flying automaton of Archytas of Tarentum ( 428 – 347 BC ), the winged flights of Abbas Ibn Firnas ( 810 – 887 ), Eilmer of Malmesbury ( 11th century ), and the hot-air Passarola of Bartolomeu Lourenço de Gusmão ( 1685 – 1724 ).

The exact region referred to as " Blessed Land " in the Qur ' an verse has been interpreted differently by various scholars: Abdullah Yusuf Ali likens it to a wide land range including, Syria, Palestine and the cities of Tyre and Sidon ; Az-Zujaj describes it as, " Damascus, Palestine, and a bit of Jordan "; Qatada claims it to be, " the Levant "; Muadh ibn Jabal as, " the area between al-Arish and the Euphrates "; and Ibn Abbas as, " the land of Jericho ".

Ibn Ishaq recorded many pre-Islamic Arabic poems in the Sira, including a poem about Dhul-Qarnayn that he claims was composed by a pre-Islamic king of ancient Yemen named Tub ' a Abu Kariba As ' ad ( Tub ' a is commonly cited as the first of several kings of Arabia to convert to Judaism ):

There is a man at Kufa who is a story-teller called Nauf ; who claims that he ( Al-Khadir's companion ) is not Moses of Bani Israel ... Ibn ' Abbas said, "( Nauf ) the enemy of Allah told a lie.

It is now known that the main source for the CIA's claim that Iraq had trained al-Qaeda members in bomb making and poisons and gases included the now recanted claims of captured al-Qaeda leader Ibn al-Shaykh al-Libi.

Postwar findings support the Defense Intelligence Agency ( DIA ) February 2002 assessment that Ibn al-Shaykh al-Libi was likely intentionally misleading his debriefers when he said that Iraq provided two al-Qa ' ida associates with chemical and biological weapons ( CBW ) training in 2000 .... No postwar information has been found that indicates CBW training occurred and the detainee who provided the key prewar reporting about this training recanted his claims after the war.

It is therefore likely that, rather than being a conventional opening, the reference to " the person who claims to cover the horizons of science with the wings of the intellect " is the dais direct assault on Ibn al-Rawandi's intellectualist pretensions.

Dr Okasha El Daly, at University College London's Institute of Archaeology, claims that some hieroglyphs had been decoded by Ibn Wahshiyya, eight centuries earlier than Champollion deciphered the Rosetta stone.

* 1011 – 1021: Ibn al-Haytham ( Alhacen ), a famous Iraqi scientist working in Egypt, feigned madness in fear of angering the Egyptian caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, and was kept under house arrest from 1011 to 1021.

* Uthman Ibn Affan succeeds Umar as caliph.

* Uthman Ibn Affan the 3rd Rashidun ( Rightly Guided Caliph ) caliph born in Taif.

Muawiyah fought a protracted campaign against Ali, allegedly seeking justice for the assassinated caliph Uthman Ibn Affan.

Ibn al-Athir, an Arab historian, declared that the Oghuz Turks had come to Transoxiana in the period of the caliph Al-Mahdi in the years between 775 and 785.

After Shirkuh's death, Saladin was appointed vizier by the Fatimid caliph al-Adid because there was " no one weaker or younger " than he was, and " not one of the emirs obeyed him or served him " according to chronicler Ibn al-Athir.

Muslims occupied Jerusalem in the 7th Century ( 637 CE ) under the second caliph, Umar Ibn al-Khattab who annexed it to the Islamic Arab Empire.

Rather than just relying on impeachment, Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani obliged rebellion upon the people if the caliph began to act with no regard for Islamic law.

Under the aegis of the ' Abbasid caliph Al-Mansur, Ibn Ishaq collected oral traditions that formed the basis of the most important biography of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

However, many Sunni Muslim historians, such as Suyuti, Ibn al-Arabi, and Ibn Kathir accept Hasan ibn Ali as the last such caliph.

Thereafter, when Walid Ibn Yazid ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan became caliph in 126 A. H., he ordered that the skeleton be taken down from the gallows, burnt, and the ashes scattered to the wind.

Despite Ibn as-Sakkit's agreeance to the task, he actually ended up dying at the hands of al-Mutawakkil ; the caliph asked him " Are my sons more respectable than Hasan and Husayn?

The young az-Zafir became caliph in 1149, and Ibn as-Sallar became vizier, with Usama as one of his advisors.

Ibn ‘ Ammar and the Qadi Muhammad ibn Nu ‘ man were to assist in the guardianship of the new caliph.

Ibn al-Muqaffa was murdered around 756 by the order of the second Abbasid caliph Abu Ja ` far al-Mansur reportedly for heresy, in particular for attempting to import Zoroastrian ideas into Islam.

There is evidence, though, that his murder may have been prompted by the caliph's resentment at the terms and language that Ibn al-Muqaffa had used in drawing up a guarantee of safe passage for the caliph's rebellious uncle, Abdullah b. Ali ; the caliph found that document profoundly disrespectful to himself, and it is believed Ibn al-Muqaffa paid with his life for the affront to al-Mansur.

After Ibn Ammar's death, the caliph grieved bitterly and gave his lover a sumptuous funeral.

The qadi of Aleppo, Ibn al-Khashshab, travelled to Baghdad to meet with the Abbasid caliph when Radwan was unwilling to pursue war with Tancred.

Umar Ibn Khattab, the second caliph, was killed by a servant.

Usāmah gives the example of when the caliph tried to persuade Ibn -' Abbas to kill his father so that he would succeed to become vizier.

Brill, 1971 ), vol., 3, p. 947, Ibn Sirin's mother, Safiyya – a slave of the caliph Abu Bakr – was held in such esteem within the community that when she died, her laying-out was performed by three of Muhammad's wives and eighteen Badris ( veterans of the battle of Badr ), led by Ubayy ibn Ka ' b, were present at her burial.

These disparate works were later collected and compiled in 1183-84, on the order of the Almohad caliph Yusuf ibn Abd al-Ma ' mun ( later translated in French in 1903, under the title Livre d ' Ibn Toumert.