If Skew < sub > n </ sub > denotes the space of skew-symmetric matrices and Sym < sub > n </ sub > denotes the space of symmetric matrices and then since and

If V is over a field of characteristic zero, then W ( V ) is naturally isomorphic to the underlying vector space of the symmetric algebra Sym ( V ) equipped with a deformed product – called the Groenewold – Moyal product ( considering the symmetric algebra to be polynomial functions on V *, where the variables span the vector space V, and replacing in the Moyal product formula with 1 ).

* If it is required to use a single number X as an estimate for the value of numbers, then the arithmetic mean does this best, in the sense of minimizing the sum of squares ( x < sub > i </ sub > − X )< sup > 2 </ sup > of the residuals.

If F ≥ F < sub > Critical </ sub > ( Numerator DF, Denominator DF, α )

If the method is applied to an infinite sequence ( X < sub > i </ sub >: i ∈ ω ) of nonempty sets, a function is obtained at each finite stage, but there is no stage at which a choice function for the entire family is constructed, and no " limiting " choice function can be constructed, in general, in ZF without the axiom of choice.

If K is a number field, its ring of integers is the subring of algebraic integers in K, and is frequently denoted as O < sub > K </ sub >.

If ΔS and / or T are small, the condition ΔG < 0 may imply that ΔH < 0, which would indicate an exothermic reaction.

If M is a Turing Machine which, on input w, outputs string x, then the concatenated string < M > w is a description of x.

Theorem: If K < sub > 1 </ sub > and K < sub > 2 </ sub > are the complexity functions relative to description languages L < sub > 1 </ sub > and L < sub > 2 </ sub >, then there is a constant c – which depends only on the languages L < sub > 1 </ sub > and L < sub > 2 </ sub > chosen – such that

If the first allele is dominant to the second, then the fraction of the population that will show the dominant phenotype is p < sup > 2 </ sup > + 2pq, and the fraction with the recessive phenotype is q < sup > 2 </ sup >.

If activated cytotoxic CD8 < sup >+</ sup > T cells recognize them, the T cells begin to secrete various toxins that cause the lysis or apoptosis of the infected cell.

If ADH production is excessive in heart failure, Na < sup >+</ sup > level in the plasma may fall ( hyponatremia ), and this is a sign of increased risk of death in heart failure patients.

If we define r < sub > i </ sub > as the displacement of particle i from the center of mass, and v < sub > i </ sub > as the velocity of particle i with respect to the center of mass, then we have

Let ( m, n ) be a pair of amicable numbers with m < n, and write m = gM and n = gN where g is the greatest common divisor of m and n. If M and N are both coprime to g and square free then the pair ( m, n ) is said to be regular, otherwise it is called irregular or exotic.

* The Lusternik – Schnirelmann theorem: If the sphere S < sup > n </ sup > is covered by n + 1 open sets, then one of these sets contains a pair ( x, − x ) of antipodal points.

Some authors require in addition that μ ( C ) < ∞ for every compact set C. If a Borel measure μ is both inner regular and outer regular, it is called a regular Borel measure.

If A is expressed as an N × N matrix, then A < sup >†</ sup > is its conjugate transpose.

* If G is a locally compact Hausdorff topological group and μ its Haar measure, then the Banach space L < sup > 1 </ sup >( G ) of all μ-integrable functions on G becomes a Banach algebra under the convolution xy ( g ) = ∫ x ( h ) y ( h < sup >− 1 </ sup > g ) dμ ( h ) for x, y in L < sup > 1 </ sup >( G ).

If the convention B < sub > 1 </ sub >=− is used, this sequence is also known as the first Bernoulli numbers ( / in OEIS ); with the convention B < sub > 1 </ sub >=+ is known as the second Bernoulli numbers ( / in OEIS ).

If it were wholly random and unrelated, it would be 2.0, assuming the five classes were equal in n, which approximately they are.

If denotes the quantum state of a particle ( n ) with momentum p, spin J whose component in the z-direction is σ, then one has

If each node additionally records the size of its subtree ( including itself and its descendants ), then the nodes can be retrieved by index in O ( log n ) time as well.

If we define the function f ( n ) = A ( n, n ), which increases both m and n at the same time, we have a function of one variable that dwarfs every primitive recursive function, including very fast-growing functions such as the exponential function, the factorial function, multi-and superfactorial functions, and even functions defined using Knuth's up-arrow notation ( except when the indexed up-arrow is used ).

If ( m, n ) is regular and M and N have i and j prime factors respectively, then ( m, n ) is said to be of type ( i, j ).

More formally a k-combination of a set S is a subset of k distinct elements of S. If the set has n elements the number of k-combinations is equal to the binomial coefficient

If a is a point in R < sup > n </ sup >, then the higher dimensional chain rule says that:

If k, m, and n are 1, so that and, then the Jacobian matrices of f and g are.

If n ≥ 1 and is an integer, the numbers coprime to n, taken modulo n, form a group with multiplication as operation ; it is written as ( Z / nZ )< sup >×</ sup > or Z < sub > n </ sub >< sup >*</ sup >.

If the affected bits are independently chosen at random, the probability of a two-bit error being undetected is 1 / n.

If S is an arbitrary set, then the set S < sup > N </ sup > of all sequences in S becomes a complete metric space if we define the distance between the sequences ( x < sub > n </ sub >) and ( y < sub > n </ sub >) to be, where N is the smallest index for which x < sub > N </ sub > is distinct from y < sub > N </ sub >, or 0 if there is no such index.

If a source emits a known luminous intensity I < sub > v </ sub > ( in candelas ) in a well-defined cone, the total luminous flux Φ < sub > v </ sub > in lumens is given by

If one statement is true in a category C then its dual will be true in the dual category C < sup > op </ sup >.

If Af denotes the space of N times continuously differentiable functions, then the space V of solutions of this differential equation is a subspace of Af.

If D denotes the differentiation operator and P is the polynomial Af then V is the null space of the operator p (, ), because Af simply says Af.

If Af denotes the net profit from stage R and Af, then the principle of optimality gives Af.

* If M is some set and S denotes the set of all functions from M to M, then the operation of functional composition on S is associative:

Frege, however, did not conceive of objects as forming parts of senses: If a proper name denotes a non-existent object, it does not have a reference, hence concepts with no objects have no truth value in arguments.

Tensor products: If C denotes the category of vector spaces over a fixed field, with linear maps as morphisms, then the tensor product defines a functor C × C → C which is covariant in both arguments.

# If A is a cartesian product of intervals I < sub > 1 </ sub > × I < sub > 2 </ sub > × ... × I < sub > n </ sub >, then A is Lebesgue measurable and Here, | I | denotes the length of the interval I.

If denotes the state of the system at any one time t, the following Schrödinger equation holds:

* If R denotes the ring CY of polynomials in two variables with complex coefficients, then the ideal generated by the polynomial Y < sup > 2 </ sup > − X < sup > 3 </ sup > − X − 1 is a prime ideal ( see elliptic curve ).

* If the base field is C, then for all complex numbers λ, where denotes the complex conjugation of λ.

* If denotes the conjugate transpose of ( i. e., the adjoint of ), then

If the sender has nothing more to send, the line simply remains in the marking state ( as if a continuing series of stop bits ) until a later space denotes the start of the next character.

If the position was found to be r < sub > 0 </ sub > then in an interpretation satisfying CFD, the statistical population describing position and momentum would contain all pairs ( r < sub > 0 </ sub >, p ) for every possible momentum value p, whereas an interpretation that rejects counterfactual values completely would only have the pair ( r < sub > 0 </ sub >,⊥) where ⊥ denotes an undefined value.

If an origin is chosen, and denotes its image, then this means that for any vector:

If denotes the polarization vector of the wave exiting the waveplate, then this expression shows that the angle between and is − θ.

If the string is stretched between two points where x = 0 and x = L and u denotes the amplitude of the displacement of the string, then u satisfies the one-dimensional wave equation in the region where 0 < x < L and t is unlimited.

If the heuristic h satisfies the additional condition for every edge x, y of the graph ( where d denotes the length of that edge ), then h is called monotone, or consistent.

If A is n-by-n, B is m-by-m and denotes the k-by-k identity matrix then the Kronecker sum is defined by:

If the measures of correlation used are product-moment coefficients, the correlation matrix is the same as the covariance matrix of the standardized random variables X < sub > i </ sub > / σ ( X < sub > i </ sub >) for i = 1, ..., n. This applies to both the matrix of population correlations ( in which case " σ " is the population standard deviation ), and to the matrix of sample correlations ( in which case " σ " denotes the sample standard deviation ).

If denotes the total energy of a system, one may write

The conjecture is stated in terms of three positive integers, a, b and c ( whence comes the name ), which have no common factor and satisfy a + b = c. If d denotes the product of the distinct prime factors of abc, the conjecture essentially states that d cannot be much smaller than c.