Baldassarre Cossa ( c. 1370 – 21 December 1418 ) was Pope John XXIII ( 1410 – 1415 ) during the Western Schism.

He was freed in 1418 after a heavy ransom had been paid by the Medicis.

That council was called by John XXIII and was held from 16 November 1414 to 22 April 1418 in Constance, Germany.

He was successively bishop of Maguelonne ( 1418 ), archbishop of Arles ( 1423 ) and Cardinal Priest of S. Cecilia ( 1426 ).

The Livonian Order was a largely autonomous branch of the Teutonic Knights ( or Teutonic Order ) and a member of the Livonian Confederation from 1418 – 1561.

The 5 Ecclesiastical states of the Holy Roman Empire in Medieval Livonia were organized into the Livonian Confederation in 1418 A diet or Landtag was formed in 1419.

Most of his fief were located in northern Lazio, but he entered in the Neapolitan orbit when in 1418 he was called by Sergianni Caracciolo to fight against the Angevine troops, which he defeated.

This schism was not fully resolved until the Council of Constance ( 1414 – 1418 ) was called by a group of cardinals.

The Electoral Palatinate was a much larger territory than what later became known as the Rhenish Palatinate ( Rheinpfalz ), on the left bank of the Rhine, and is now the modern region of the Palatinate in the German federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate and parts of the French region of Alsace ( bailiwick of Seltz from 1418 to 1766 ).

Year 1418 ( MCDXVIII ) was a common year starting on Saturday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the Julian calendar.

From 1418 – 1562 the whole of Estonia was part of the Livonian Confederation.

On land he again defeated the Moors, who attempted to retake Ceuta in 1418 ; but in an expedition to Tangier, undertaken in 1437 by King Edward ( 1433 – 1438 ), the Portuguese army was defeated, and could only escape destruction by surrendering as a hostage Prince Ferdinand, the king's youngest brother.

It was not until Prince Henry the Navigator began in 1418 to encourage the penetration of the torrid zone in the effort to reach India by circumnavigating Africa that European exploration of the southern hemisphere began.

The fief of Carignano had belonged to the Savoys since 1418, and the fact that it was part of Piedmont, only twenty kilometers south of Turin, meant that it could be a " princedom " for Thomas in name only, being endowed neither with independence nor revenues of substance.

The fief of Carignano had belonged to the Savoys since 1418, and the fact that it was part of Piedmont, only twenty km.

During this time Henry V had a policy of creating Norman titles for his aristocrats, and thus Beaufort was created Count of Harcourt in 1418.

With the help of the local population, especially the peasants, Friedrich was able to resist the King and the nobles and from 1418 onwards Friedrich pursued his enemies within Tyrol vigorously.

In early 1418 a major revolt was begun by Lê Lợi, the future founder of the Lê Dynasty.

It was during the Hundred Years ' War that the town took on a new lease of life, as the heir apparent, the future Charles VII of France, had sought refuge in 1418 in the province.

Almost immediately after his accession to the title of Dauphin, Charles was forced to face the threat to his inheritance, being constrained to flee Paris in May 1418 after the soldiers of John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy attempted to capture the city.

Santa Maria del Fiore was the new cathedral of the city, and by 1418 the dome had yet to be defined.

In 1414 – 1418 the Council of Constance took place, during which, on 6 July 1415, John Hus ( Czech religious thinker, philosopher and reformer ), who was seen as a threat to Christianity by the Roman Catholic Church, was burned at the stake.

In 1418, while Henry V was alive, he successfully protested against Beaufort's being made a cardinal and legate a latere to supersede the legatine jurisdiction of Canterbury.

In 1417 he was made admiral of the fleet under John, Duke of Bedford, and was with Henry V in 1418 at the siege of Rouen.

Pope Martin V, who while still Cardinal Otto of Colonna, had attacked Huss with relentless severity, energetically resumed the battle against Huss's teaching after the enactments of the Council of Constance, seeking to eradicate completely the doctrine of Huss, for which purpose the co-operation of King Wenceslaus had to be obtained ; in 1418, Sigismund succeeded in winning his brother over to the standpoint of the council by pointing out the inevitability of a religious war if the heretics in Bohemia found further protection.

In 1418 a synod convoked by the Jews in Forlì sent a deputation with costly gifts to Martin V asking that he abolish the oppressive laws promulgated by Antipope Benedict XIII and that he grant the Jews those privileges which had been accorded them under previous Popes.

In 1418 two of the captains of Prince Henry the Navigator, João Gonçalves Zarco and Tristão Vaz Teixeira, were driven by a storm to an island which they called Porto Santo (" Holy Port ") in gratitude for their rescue from the shipwreck.

Bernard, a soldier of some renown, continued the work of his predecessors, and obtained other districts, including Baden-Hochberg, the ruling family of which died out in 1418.

Martin V conceded the same rights to the Franciscans of the Roman Province ( 14 November 1418 ) and, on 7 April 1426, transferred to them as a special grant the monastery of Palestrina, which had been a stronghold of the Fraticelli.

1255 ) and the New Castle, which was built from 1418 onwards.

Later that year he probably went to the Council of Konstanz, staying possibly until 1418, at which time he returned to Cambrai.

The initial group of inductees for Sigismund's Order numbered 21 men, which extended to about 24 in 1418.

There was a superior class, which between 1408 and 1418 wore both the dragon and the cross as the Order's emblem and a more elaborate version afterwards.

Later annals, from the Annals of Sejong ( r. 1418 ∼ 1450 ) onwards, were printed with movable metal and wooden type, which was unprecedented in the making of annals in Japan and China.

Emperor Sigismund ( 1368 – 1437 ) thanked the city of Konstanz in writing for providing some 1, 500 prostitutes for the Council of Constance which took place from 1414 to 1418.

Ahmad al-Qalqashandi ( 1355 – 1418 ) wrote the Subh al-a ' sha, a 14-volume encyclopedia which included a section on cryptology.

The schism inspired the summoning of the Council of Pisa ( 1409 ), which failed to end the schism, and the Council of Constance ( 1414 – 1418 ), which succeeded and proclaimed its own superiority over the Pope.

* Second Redaction ( R² ): survives in no less than seven separate texts, the best known of which is The Great Book of Lecan ( 1418 ).

The place was first mentioned in 1330 Alberndorf, 1398 Alberdorf, 1418 Alberti villa, 1560 Alberichsdorf, which then evolved into the ( German ) name Albendorf.

Another important building is the marble viharn, which contains the entire Buddhist canon engraved in 1418 marble stelas.

He attended the Council of Constance from late 1416 to early 1418 where he delivered a number of sermons which survive, all of which reveal a strong concern for clerical reform.

Hendrik was the descendant of an ancient family active in the affairs of war and peace, which had for some centuries been settled in Holland Northwest of the village of Santpoort at Brederode Castle and after 1418 at Batenstein Castle in Vianen.

He died in the insurrection which delivered Paris to the Burgundians on 12 June 1418.

Around 1418, while exploring the coast of Africa, he and João Gonçalves Zarco were taken of course by bad weather, and came upon an island which they called Porto Santo ( Holy Harbor ).