In Ireland the oath was imposed of state office holders, teachers and lawyers, and on clergy of the established church in from 1703, the following year it was on all Irish voters and from 1709 it can be demanded from any adult male by a magistrate.

The office of Lord High Admiral passed a number of times in and out of commission until 1709, after which the office was almost permanently in commission ( the last Lord High Admiral being the future King William IV in the early 19th century ).

On one occasion in 1709, for instance, Frederick IV of Denmark, also paid them a visit and he was greeted as their King.

Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit ( 24 May 1686 – 16 September 1736 ) was a Dutch-German-Polish physicist, engineer, and glass blower who is best known for inventing the alcohol thermometer ( 1709 ) and the mercury thermometer ( 1714 ), and for developing a temperature scale now named after him.

( Fort Albany was again unsuccessfully attacked in 1709 by a small French and Indian force.

This was followed by Abraham Darby, who made great strides using coke to fuel his blast furnaces at Coalbrookdale in 1709.

The first settlement in Kajang was established in 1709.

One such relationship was between Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, who wrote to Anne Wortley in 1709: " Nobody was so entirely, so faithfully yours ...

* 1707-1709 — Loya jirga was gathered by Mir Wais Hotak at Kandahar in 1707, but according to Ghulam Mohammad Ghobar it was gathered in Manja in 1709.

The current Afghan military originates in 1709 when the Hotaki dynasty was established in Kandahar followed by the Durrani Empire.

Accordingly, King Charles XII of Sweden was welcomed as an ally in the Ottoman Empire following his defeat by the Russians at the Battle of Poltava in 1709 ( part of the Great Northern War of 1700 – 1721.

Michael Neill, editor of the Oxford Shakespeare edition, notes that the earliest critical references to Othello's colour, ( Thomas Rymer's 1693 critique of the play, and the 1709 engraving in Nicholas Rowe's edition of Shakespeare ), assume him to be Sub-Saharan, while the earliest known North African interpretation was not until Edmund Kean's production of 1814.

Despite initially holding an ambiguous neutrality, Clement was later forced to name Charles, Archduke of Austria, as King of Spain, since the imperial army had conquered much of northern Italy and was threatening Rome itself ( January 1709 ).

However it was not produced outside of the Orient until 1709 in Germany.

A third Company of Senegal was founded in 1709 and lasted until 1718.

Defoe's A Review, published on 3 December 1709 and demanding " a Law in the present Parliament ... for the Encouragement of Learning, Arts, and Industry, by securing the Property of Books to the Authors or Editors of them ", was followed by How's Some Thoughts on the Present State of Printing and Bookselling, which hoped that Parliament " might think fit to secure Property in Books by a Law ".

During Georg Friederich Händel's visit to Italy, much was made of his being from Saxony ; in particular, the Venetians greeted the 1709 performance of his opera Agrippina with the cry Viva il caro Sassone, " Long live the beloved Saxon!

The total Russian population of Siberia in 1709 was 230, 000.

France was nearly brought to its knees by 1709, when King Louis XIV made a desperate appeal to the French people.

This ban was followed by others in 1703 and 1709 as part of a comprehensive system disadvantaging the Catholic community, and to a lesser extent Protestant dissenters.

During the War of the Spanish Succession, the Duke of Marlborough in 1709 intended to capture Ypres, at the time a major French fortress, but changed his mind due to the long time and effort it had taken him to capture Tournai and apprehension of disease spreading in his army in the poorly drained land around Ypres ( see Battle of Malplaquet ).

After a visit to Reland in Utrecht he returned to Groningen ( 1708 ); then, having taken his degree in theology ( 1709 ), he returned to Leiden, and devoted himself to the study of the manuscript collections there until 1711, when he became pastor at Wassenaer.

In 1709, stone was taken from Pula arena for the belfry foundations at Pula Cathedral.

He recaptured HMS Bristol, taken while guarding a convoy, from the French on 9 April 1709, but she sank shortly after.

One player who could have taken part in the 1709 match was William Bedle ( 1680 – 1768 ), of Dartford, who is the earliest great player whose name has been recorded.

* Secret Memoirs and Manners of Several Persons of Quality of Both Sexes, from the new Atlantis, an island in the Mediterranean ( 1709 ), a satire in which great liberties were taken with Whig notables

Handel's 1709 opera, Agrippina with a libretto by Vincenzo Grimani.

His long-anticipated rescue occurred on 1 February 1709 by way of the Duke, a privateering ship piloted by William Dampier.

In 1709 he became professor of botany and medicine, and in that capacity he did good service, not only to his own university, but also to botanical science, by his improvements and additions to the botanic garden of Leiden, and by the publication of numerous works descriptive of new species of plants.

Title page from Daniel Defoe's: The History Of The Union Of Great Britain dated 1709 and printed in Edinburgh by the Heirs of Anderson

In 1709 Defoe authored a rather lengthy book entitled, The History Of The Union Of Great Britain ; an Edinburgh publication printed by the Heirs of Anderson.

The British Parliament first guaranteed diplomatic immunity to foreign ambassadors in 1709, after Count Andrey Matveyev, a Russian resident in London, had been subjected to verbal and physical abuse by British bailiffs.

* 1709 – Alexander Selkirk is rescued after being shipwrecked on a desert island, inspiring the book Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe.

He replaced mandatory military service among the middle class with an annual tax, established primary schools, and resettled East Prussia ( which had been devastated by the plague in 1709 ).

Introduced fauna by humans include rats and goats, which castaway Alexander Selkirk survived on during his four year stay from 1705 to 1709 ; his travails provided the inspiration for Daniel Defoe's novel Robinson Crusoe.

In 1709, these commissioners were assisted by inspecteurs de police ( police inspectors ).

The French clergy managed to temporarily escape capitation assessment by promising to pay a total sum of 4 million livres per annum in 1695, and then obtained permanent exemption in 1709 with a lump sum payment of 24 million livres.

Using a cloaked ship, the Romulans broke the treaty of 2160 by attacking several Federation outposts, circa stardate 1709. 21, in the year 2266 (" Balance of Terror ").

The first half of The Charles Men, ending on the climax of the battle of Poltava in 1709, is more dramatically coherent than the second.

The later Neapolitan operas ( L ' amor volubile e tiranno 1709 ; La principessa fedele 1710 ; Tigrane, 1714, & c .) are showy and effective rather than profoundly emotional ; the instrumentation marks a great advance on previous work, since the main duty of accompanying the voice is thrown upon the string quartet, the harpsichord being reserved exclusively for the noisy instrumental ritornelli.

* Aphorismi de cognoscendis et curandis morbis ( Leiden, 1709 ), on which his pupil and assistant, Gerard van Swieten ( 1700 – 1772 ) published a commentary in 5 vols.

*" Aphorismi de Cognoscendis et Curandis Morbis " ( 1709 ; “ Aphorisms on the Recognition and Treatment of Diseases ”)

* TrueScans. com Click on Defoe to obtain comprehensive information on The History Of The Union Of Great Britain Edinburgh, Heirs of Anderson, 1709

Eugene enhanced his standing during the War of the Spanish Succession where his partnership with the Duke of Marlborough secured victories against the French on the fields of Blenheim ( 1704 ), Oudenarde ( 1708 ), and Malplaquet ( 1709 ); he gained further success in the war as Imperial commander in northern Italy, most notably at the Battle of Turin ( 1706 ).

Around 1707 – 1708 he entered the service of Duke Johann Wilhelm of Saxe-Eisenach, becoming Konzertmeister on 24 December 1708 and Secretary and Kapellmeister in August 1709.

In a search for lime on the island, a soldier in 1709 claimed to have discovered gold and silver deposits in Breakneck Valley.

In the Battle of Poltava on June 27, 1709 ( Old Style ), or July 8 ( New Style ), tsar Peter the First, commanding 34, 000 troops, defeated a Swedish army of 17, 000 troops led by Field Marshal Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld ( who had received the command of the army after the wounding of the Swedish king Charles XII on June 17 ).

Year 1709 ( MDCCIX ) was a common year starting on Tuesday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar.

Elizabeth, the second-oldest surviving daughter of Peter I of Russia and Catherine I of Russia, was born at Kolomenskoye, near Moscow, on 18 December 1709 ( O. S .).

In 1709, George resigned as Field Marshal, never to go on active service again.

* Robert Walpole, 2nd Earl of Orford ( 1701 – 31 March 1751 ), who married Margaret Rolle ( 17 January 1709 – 13 January 1781 ), later the 15th Baroness Clinton, on 26 March 1724 and had one son.

Defoe's immediate inspiration for Crusoe is usually thought to be a Scottish sailor named Alexander Selkirk, who was rescued in 1709 by Woodes Rogers ' expedition after four years on the uninhabited island of Más a Tierra in the Juan Fernández Islands off the Chilean coast.