These reforms included guarantees to ensure the Ottoman subjects perfect security for their lives, honour, and property ; the introduction of the first Ottoman paper banknotes ( 1840 ) and opening of the first post offices ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the finance system according to the French model ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the Civil and Criminal Code according to the French model ( 1840 ); the establishment of the Meclis-i Maarif-i Umumiye ( 1841 ) which was the prototype of the First Ottoman Parliament ( 1876 ); the reorganization of the army and a regular method of recruiting, levying the army, and fixing the duration of military service ( 1843 – 44 ); the adoption of an Ottoman national anthem and Ottoman national flag ( 1844 ); the first nationwide Ottoman census in 1844 ( only male citizens were counted ); the first national identity cards ( officially named the Mecidiye identity papers, or informally kafa kağıdı ( head paper ) documents, 1844 ); the institution of a Council of Public Instruction ( 1845 ) and the Ministry of Education ( Mekatib-i Umumiye Nezareti, 1847, which later became the Maarif Nezareti, 1857 ); the abolition of slavery and slave trade ( 1847 ); the establishment of the first modern universities ( darülfünun, 1848 ), academies ( 1848 ) and teacher schools ( darülmuallimin, 1848 ); establishment of the Ministry of Healthcare ( Tıbbiye Nezareti, 1850 ); the Commerce and Trade Code ( 1850 ); establishment of the Academy of Sciences ( Encümen-i Daniş, 1851 ); establishment of the Şirket-i Hayriye which operated the first steam-powered commuter ferries ( 1851 ); the first European style courts ( Meclis-i Ahkam-ı Adliye, 1853 ) and supreme judiciary council ( Meclis-i Ali-yi Tanzimat, 1853 ); establishment of the modern Municipality of Istanbul ( Şehremaneti, 1854 ) and the City Planning Council ( İntizam-ı Şehir Komisyonu, 1855 ); the abolition of the capitation ( Jizya ) tax on non-Muslims, with a regular method of establishing and collecting taxes ( 1856 ); non-Muslims were allowed to become soldiers ( 1856 ); various provisions for the better administration of the public service and advancement of commerce ; the establishment of the first telegraph networks ( 1847 – 1855 ) and railroads ( 1856 ); the replacement of guilds with factories ; the establishment of the Ottoman Central Bank ( originally established as the Bank-ı Osmanî in 1856, and later reorganized as the Bank-ı Osmanî-i Şahane in 1863 ) and the Ottoman Stock Exchange ( Dersaadet Tahvilat Borsası, established in 1866 ); the Land Code ( Arazi Kanunnamesi, 1857 ); permission for private sector publishers and printing firms with the Serbesti-i Kürşad Nizamnamesi ( 1857 ); establishment of the School of Economical and Political Sciences ( Mekteb-i Mülkiye, 1859 ); the Press and Journalism Regulation Code ( Matbuat Nizamnamesi, 1864 ); among others.

Cayley, in his original 1854 paper ,< ref >

* Cape May Star and Wave Newspaper – Serving as Cape May's paper of record since 1854

He received a Royal Medal in 1862 " for the Armagh catalogue of 5345 stars, deduced from observations made at the Armagh Observatory, from the years 1820 up to 1854 ; for his papers on the construction of astronomical instruments in the memoirs of the Astronomical Society, and his paper on electromagnets in the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy.

At first they were printed on a rough handmade paper, but after 1854 a smooth machine-made paper was used instead.

A number of values were printed between 1854 and 1862, ranging from 5 rappen to 1 franc, and philatelists distinguish them further by type of paper and color of thread.

Thomas Richard Heywood Thomson delivered a paper in 1854 to the Society on interfertility, casting doubt on comments of Paweł Edmund Strzelecki about female infertility among Aboriginal Australians after they had given birth to a child with a Caucasian father.

Between 1854 and the start of his weekly paper, the Railroad Advocate and 1861, when Colburn went to work more or less permanently in London, England, the journalist was in frequent touch with M. W. Baldwin, as recorded in Zerah Colburn: The Spirit of Darkness.

There was once a blotting paper mill in the valley and Loudwater had its own railway station on the Wycombe Railway that opened in 1854 and closed in 1970.

A competing paper was started in 1854, named the Guelph Advertiser.

In 1854 when this mill had neither water wheel nor machinery an attempt was made to re-open it for the manufacture of paper but it came to nothing.

The Tribune became a major paper under William E. Dargie ( 1854 – 1911 ), who acquired the paper July 24, 1876.

Established in 1854, the paper has a circulation of approximately 8, 000 copies in the Highspire, Hummelstown, Londonderry Township, Lower Swatara Township, Middletown, and Royalton.

Smeding died in 1814 ; Pieter Koumans Smeding, his cousin, ran the paper until 1854.

He engaged in the manufacture of paper in Peterborough until 1866 and in 1854 was a member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives.

By the end of 1854, an unexpected call to repay credit advanced by his paper supplier forced Cassell to sell the copyright and stock for the " Illustrated Family Paper ", " Popular Educator " and other completed publications.

revised, appeared in 1867 under the title Les Forts de la Gaule et de l ' ancienne France ); La Terre et l ' homme, a general historical sketch of geology, geography and ethnology, being the introduction to the Histoire universelle, by Victor Duruy ( 1854 ); Histoire des religions de la Grèce antique, ( 3 vols., 1857 – 1859 ); La Magie et l ' astrologie dans l ' antiquité et dans le Moyen âge ( 1863 ); Histoire de l ' ancienne Académie des sciences ( 1864 ); Histoire de l ' Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres ( 1865 ); a learned paper on the reports of French archaeology, written on the occasion of the Exposition Universelle ( 1867 ); a number of articles in the Encyclopédie moderne ( 1846 – 1851 ), in Michaud's Géographie universelle ( 1858 and seq.

In 1854, they built a paper mill on the Credit River near Streetsville, Ontario.

In 1854, The Second Empire joined the Crimean War, which saw France and Britain opposed to the Russian Empire, which was decisively defeated at Sevastopol in 1854-1855 and at Inkerman ( 1854 ).

In 1854 Vickers ' sons Thomas ( a militia officer known familiarly as ' Colonel Tom ') and Albert joined the business and their considerable talents – Tom Vickers as a metallurgist and Albert as a team-builder and salesman – were key to its subsequent rapid development.

In 1854, fearing the results of an Ottoman defeat by Russia, Britain, France, the Kingdom of Sardinia, and the Ottoman Empire joined forces in the conflict known as the Crimean War to the Ottomans and Western Europeans, but known in Russia as the Eastern War, Russian: Восточная война, Vostochnaya Vojna ( March 1854 – February 1856 ).

The Alhambra, a large theatre built in 1854, dominated the site, to be joined in 1884 by the Empire Theatre of Varieties.

A Mr. Watson was the first white settler in the area in 1854, soon joined by Alexander McRae, whose wife taught at the first school.

In 1852, sixty-three-year-old Elijah Davidson and his family set out for Oregon Territory By 1854, more than a dozen Disciples families from Monmouth, many of them related to each other or to Davidson, had joined him.

Not long afterwards local Evangelical Lutheran and German Reformed congregations joined the Presbyterians in the erection of a church building, which the three congregations shared from 1829 until 1854.

Read joined the wardroom of the sloop-of-war in the fall of 1854, departed Norfolk, Virginia, in her on 16 December 1854, and cruised through the West Indies unsuccessfully seeking information concerning.

He was educated at the Imperial Austrian Academy of Engineers from 1849 to 1853 and joined the Imperial Austrian Army as a lieutenant in the 1st Lancers in 1854.

He joined the new battleship in 1854, including service in the Mediterranean during the Crimean War.

Staying in Rome from 1854 to 1861, he obtained a taste for movement and spontaneity, which he joined with the great principles of baroque art.

Baxter joined the Whig party and was elected to the Arkansas Senate in 1854.

It opened in 1854, running from Lockport to Tonawanda, where it joined the Buffalo and Niagara Falls Railroad, opened 1837, for the rest of the way to Buffalo.

James Hunt joined the ESL in 1854, and became a divisive figure because of his attacks on humanitarian attitudes of missionaries and abolitionists.

In 1854 she joined him in London, where he was minister to the Court of St. James's.

In 1852 he entered Pine Grove Academy, and in 1854 joined the junior class in Jefferson College.

In about 1854, he joined his father in Salem ( John Newcomb had moved earlier to the United States ), and the two journeyed together to Maryland.

There is no clear record of the date of his arrival in England, but it is known he attended the University of London, and in 1854 joined the China consular corps.

The Morgans traditionally had belonged to the Whigs, which dissolved in 1856 ; most Whigs joined the Republicans, created in 1854.

By the 1850s, the Reform Party had dissipated: moderate reformers had joined with Tories in 1854 to form a Liberal-Conservative coalition government under the leadership of John A. Macdonald and George-Étienne Cartier.

Newcastle joined the Peelite's in 1846 and held office in Lord Aberdeen's coalition government as Secretary of State for War and the Colonies between 1852 and 1852 and as Secretary of State for War and Secretary at War between 1854 and 1855, when he resigned over the Crimean War.

Benicia was the third site selected to serve as the California state capital, and its newly constructed city hall was California's capitol from February 11, 1853, to February 25, 1854.

Being one of the first counties organized, it was created on April 24, 1854, by the newly formed Washington Territorial Government and signed into law by Governor Isaac Stevens.

The Crystal Palace District Gas Company was founded in Lower Sydenham in 1854, supplied with coal by newly opened railway.

Reading became part of Steuben County's contribution to the newly formed Schuyler County in 1854.

In 1854, Maurice invited him to teach at the newly opened Working Men's College ; from 1869 to 1872 he was the College's Vice Principal.

In 1854, the Waterhouses returned to England and moved to a newly built house in South Kensington, London, which was near to the newly founded Victoria and Albert Museum.

File: Gornji Milanovac Old Court. jpg | Old Court, first building in the newly founded city in 1854.

The newly gained land was divided into the Territory of New Mexico and the Territory of Utah, both organized in 1850, and the Territory of Kansas and the Territory of Nebraska, organized in 1854.

He was raised in Maine and Massachusetts and, in 1854, his family became part of the newly formed New England Emigrant Aid Company, an organization whose goal was to help settle the Kansas Territory and bring it into the Union as a free state.

The railroad was nationalised in 1854 and the recognition of his keen administration and technical leadership resulted in his appointment as director of the newly formed Imperial Railways, based at the board's headquarters in Strasbourg, a post he held until his retirement in 1889.

In 1854 McCoy accepted the newly founded professorship of natural science in the University of Melbourne.

His efforts were so successful that, in 1854, he was induced to enter the government service, as chief of the newly instituted statistical department.

Benicia was the third site selected to serve as the California state capital, and its newly constructed city hall was California's capitol from February 11, 1853 to February 25, 1854.

In 1854, he switched to the newly formed Republican Party and was elected to the United States Senate by the Wisconsin State Legislature.

From 1847 until 1854, he served as Provisional Bishop of the newly formed Diocese of Wisconsin, and then served as its Diocesan Bishop from 1854 until his death in 1870.

Fairmount was originally in Penn Township, which was subsequently divided, putting the future neighborhood in the newly created Spring Garden District until 1854 when it was incorporated into the City of Philadelphia.

In 1854, Kingston became the first Speaker of the newly established House of Assembly, a position he also retained until his retirement.

1854 William's father, Harvey LaFollette, was just twenty two years old and newly married.

In 1854 Peter Joseph Mülhens moved from Glockengasse 12 into a newly constructed commercial building with a neo-gothic facade at Glockengasse 26-28.

In 1854, he became the first elected representative for the newly formed riding of Pontiac.

Land was first sold in this remote part of then New South Wales in 1854 and development was slow until the opening of the Bowen Bridge in 1860, named after the newly arrived first governor of Queensland — Sir George Bowen ,, allowing easier access to the district.