During the 17th century cavalry in Europe lost most of its armor, ineffective against the muskets and cannon which were coming into use, and by the mid-19th century armor had mainly fallen into disuse, although some regiments retained a small thickened cuirass that offered protection against lances and sabres and some protection against shot.

Armored Cataphracts began to be deployed in eastern Europe and the near East, following the precedents established by Persian forces, as the main striking force of the armies in contrast to the earlier roles of cavalry as scouts, raiders, and outflankers.

In eastern Europe, Russia, and out onto the steppes, cavalry remained important much longer and dominated the scene of warfare until the early 17th century and even beyond, as the strategic mobility of cavalry was crucial for the semi-nomadic pastoralist lives that many steppe cultures led.

In western Europe there emerged what is considered the " ultimate " heavy cavalry, the knight.

The last, in Europe, cavalry vs. cavalry mutual charge took place in Poland during the battle of Krasnobrod when the Polish and German cavalry units charged each other.

South and Central American armies maintained mounted cavalry for longer than those of Europe, Asia or North America.

* War Horse, about the British cavalry in Europe during World War I

The abolition of the dragoon units, believed to be the last non-ceremonial horse cavalry in Europe, was a contentious issue in Switzerland.

The Hungarian tribes of Árpád vezér who came to settle in the Carpathian Basin were noted for their fearsome light cavalry, which conducted frequent raids throughout much of Western Europe ( as far as present-day Spain ), maintaining their military supremacy with long range and rapid-firing reflex bows.

During the Ottoman invasion of Central Europe ( between late 14th century and circa 1700 ) Hungarian soldiers protected fortresses and launched light cavalry attacks against the Turks ( see Hungarian Hussars ).

Some portions of the armies of Germanic peoples who occupied Europe from the 3rd century CE, had always been mounted, and some armies, such as those of the Ostrogoths, comprised mainly cavalry.

In Europe, technological, cultural, and social developments had forced a dramatic transformation in the character of warfare from antiquity, changing military tactics and the role of cavalry and artillery.

Along with the use of cavalry and early grenades, the Ottomans mounted an offensive in the early Renaissance period and attacked Europe, taking Constantinople by massed infantry assaults.

Uniquely in Europe, these horsemen comprised a militia cavalry force with no feudal links, being under the sole control of the king or the count of Castile because of the " charters " ( or fueros ).

Cavalry armed with pistols and other lighter firearms, along with a sword, had virtually replaced lance armed cavalry in Western Europe by the beginning of the 17th century, although the lance persisted in Eastern Europe, from whence it was reintroduced into the European mainstream in the 19th century.

* Incursions of Magyar ( Hungarian ) cavalry throughout Western Europe ( 47 expeditions in Germany, Italy and France, 899 – 970 )

At this time, the principal cavalry schools of Europe at Pinerolo and Tor-di-Quinto in Italy, the French school in Saumur, and the Spanish school in Vienna all preferred to use a very deep seat with long stirrups when jumping.

Once blocked from retreat, the French in the fortress of Metz had no choice but to engage in a fight that would see the last major cavalry engagement in Western Europe.

The Norman army's power derived from its cavalry which were reckoned amongst the best in Europe.

‘ Abd-al-Raḥmân had brought a huge force of Arab heavy cavalry and Berber light cavalry, plus troops from all provinces of the Caliphate, in the Umayyad attempt at a conquest of Europe north of the Pyrenees.

The theory of international law, which in the nineteenth century became common to virtually all writers in Europe and America, broke this unity and this universality.

After the months in Europe, she returned to Boston and became active in church and community life.

Due to Pope Sylvester II's reintroduction of the abacus with very useful modifications, it became widely used in Europe once again during the 11th century

One of these became the Latin alphabet, which was spread across Europe as the Romans expanded their empire.

It eventually became used for the descendant languages of Latin ( the Romance languages ) and then for most of the other languages of Europe.

As a result, the Atlantic became and remains the major artery between Europe and the Americas ( known as transatlantic trade ).

Rashomon, which premiered in Tokyo in August 1950, and which also starred Mifune, became, on September 10, 1951, the surprise winner of the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival and was subsequently released in Europe and North America.

From Cluny the custom spread to the other houses of the Cluniac order, which became the largest and most extensive network of monasteries in Europe.

Aachen became attractive as a spa by the middle of the 17th century, not so much because of the effects of the hot springs on the health of its visitors but because Aachen was then — and remained well into the 19th century — a place of high-level prostitution in Europe.

With this title and its lands, he became the most powerful man in Portugal and one of the richest men in Europe.

Amalric became alarmed and sent Frederick de la Roche, Archbishop of Tyre, to seek help from the kings and nobles of Europe, but no assistance was forthcoming.

The best selling model, the Amiga 500, was introduced in 1987 and became the leading home computer of the late 1980s and early 1990s in much of Western Europe.

Gifted and industrious, Adalbert soon became well-known all over Europe.

Shortly after Napoleon became First Consul and then emperor, using the office to spread the revolution throughout Europe.

These early print advertisements were used mainly to promote books and newspapers, which became increasingly affordable with advances in the printing press ; and medicines, which were increasingly sought after as disease ravaged Europe.

With the Renaissance, tyrannicide — or assassination for personal or political reasons — became more common again in Western Europe.

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, at which time Belarus gained its independence, Belarus became a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ), the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe ( OSCE ), NATO's Partnership for Peace, the North Atlantic Cooperation Council, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank.

Bardot pleaded with Gainsbourg not to release this duet and he complied with her wishes ; the following year, he re-recorded a version with British-born model and actress Jane Birkin, which became a massive hit all over Europe.

His reputation so increased the fame of the University of Leiden, especially as a school of medicine, that it became popular with visitors from every part of Europe.

Because it was extraordinarily expensive the Pascaline became little more than a toy, and status symbol, for the very rich both in France and throughout Europe.

In 1989 Jonathan Hellyer became lead singer, and the band extensively toured the U. S. and Europe with back-up vocalist Annie Conway and had one minor hit with the song " Cha Cha Heels ", a one-off collaboration sung by American actress and singer Eartha Kitt.

By the 18th century an increasing number of new plants had arrived in Europe from newly discovered countries and the European colonies worldwide and a larger number of plants became available for study.

" Rock Around the Clock " was the first record ever to sell over one million copies in both Britain and Germany and, in 1957, Haley became the first major American rock singer to tour Europe.

Their works became more widely known in Europe in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, beginning with the Latin translation of Jābir ’ s Kitab al-Kimya in 1144.

As the Turkish incursion into Europe started, Croatia once again became a border area.