In Judaism and Christianity, its authorship is attributed to a prophet who lived in the Assyrian Period, Obadiah, whose name means “ servant or worshipper of Yahweh ”.

According to the Talmud, Obadiah is said to have been a convert to Judaism from Edom, a descendant of Eliphaz, the friend of Job.

Reincarnation is also a belief described in Kabbalistic Judaism as gilgul neshamot ( Reincarnation of Souls ).

Rabbi Yirmiyahu Ullman wrote that reincarnation is an " ancient, mainstream belief in Judaism.

His Shaar HaGilgulim, " The Gates of Reincarnation ", is a book devoted exclusively to the subject of reincarnation in Judaism.

It should be noted that the Book of Enoch is considered apocryphal by most denominations of Christianity and all denominations of Judaism.

There is not a formal creed within Judaism, though one has become especially authoritative.

Supporters of this view believe that “ to a hypothetical outside reader, presents Christianity as enlightened, harmless, even beneficent .” Some believe that through this work, Luke intended to show the Roman Empire that the root of Christianity is within Judaism so that the Christians “ may receive the same freedom to practice their faith that the Roman Empire afforded the Jews .” Those who support the view of Luke ’ s work as political apology generally draw evidence from the facts that Christians are found innocent of committing any political crime ( Acts 25: 25 ; 19: 37 ; 19: 40 ) and that Roman officials ’ views towards Christians are generally positive.

In this view, Christianity is seen as a religion in its own right, rather than a subset of Judaism, if one makes the common assumption that Judaism is not universal, however see Noahide Laws and Christianity and Judaism for details.

The Minḥat Ḳenaot is instructive reading for the historian because it throws much light upon the deeper problems which agitated Judaism, the question of the relation of religion to the philosophy of the age, which neither the zeal of the fanatic nor the bold attitude of the liberal-minded could solve in any fixed dogmatic form or by any anathema, as the independent spirit of the congregations refused to accord to the rabbis the power possessed by the Church of dictating to the people what they should believe or respect.

This work is rooted in the thesis that Judaism is a religion of time, not space, and that the Sabbath symbolizes the sanctification of time.

Heschel then goes on to explore the problems of doubts and faith ; what Judaism means by teaching that God is one ; the essence of humanity and the problem of human needs ; the definition of religion in general and of Judaism in particular ; and human yearning for spirituality.

: God in Search of Man: A Philosophy of Judaism is a companion volume to Man is Not Alone.

The Books of the Bible are listed differently in the canons of Judaism and the Catholic, Protestant, Greek Orthodox, Slavonic Orthodox, Coptic, Georgian Orthodox, Armenian Apostolic, Syriac, Ethiopian and Eritrean Orthodox churches, although there is substantial overlap.

Disraeli spoke in favour of the measure, arguing that Christianity was " completed Judaism ," and asking of the House of Commons " Where is your Christianity if you do not believe in their Judaism?

The contents are correspondingly varied: a confession of sin and a plea to God not to maintain his anger forever ( ch. 63: 7 – 64: 11 ); a poem on the theme that God has no need of a temple because Heaven is his throne and Earth his footstool ( Isaiah 66: 1 – 2 ); verses setting out conditions for admission to the community ; complaints of sin, incompetence and paganism ; and distinctions between the " righteous " and the " sinners ", foreshadowing the categories used in much later Judaism and early Christianity.

The figure of Ruth is celebrated as a convert to Judaism who understood Jewish principles and took them to heart.

In Judaism it is traditionally recited on the fast day of Tisha B ' Av (" Ninth of Av ") the saddest day on the Jewish calendar mourning the destruction of both the First and the Second Temples in Jerusalem.

Some Christians agree that Jews who accept Jesus should still observe all of Torah, see for example Dual-covenant theology, based on warnings by Jesus to Jews not to use him as an excuse to disregard it, and they support efforts of those such as Messianic Jews ( Messianic Judaism is considered by most Christians and Jews to be a form of Christianity ) to do that, but some Protestant forms of Christianity oppose all observance to the Mosaic law, even by Jews, which Luther criticised as Antinomianism, see Antinomianism # Antinomian Controversies in Lutheranism and Luther # Anti-Antinomianism for details.

Deuterocanonical is a term coined in 1566 by the theologian Sixtus of Siena, who had converted to Catholicism from Judaism, to describe scriptural texts of the Old Testament considered canonical by the Catholic Church, but which are not present in the Hebrew Bible, and which had been omitted by some early canon lists, especially in the East.

Esther is considered a prophet in Judaism.

This is considered wrong, and even heretical, by Orthodox and Conservative Judaism.

A monotheistic religion originating in the Hebrew Bible ( also known as the Tanakh ) and explored in later texts such as the Talmud, Judaism is considered by religious Jews to be the expression of the covenantal relationship God established with the Children of Israel.

Because of this, many different variations on the basic beliefs are considered within the scope of Judaism.

Judaism also universally recognizes the Biblical Covenant between God and the Patriarch Abraham as well as the additional aspects of the Covenant revealed to Moses, who is considered Judaism's greatest prophet.

In the Mishnah, a core text of Rabbinic Judaism, acceptance of the Divine origins of this covenant is considered an essential aspect of Judaism and those who reject the Covenant forfeit their share in the World to Come.

Thus a Jew who claims to be an atheist or converts to another religion is still considered by traditional Judaism to be Jewish.

Hanukkah is not mentioned in the Bible and was never considered a major holiday in Judaism, but it has become much more visible and widely celebrated in modern times, mainly because it falls around the same time as Christmas and has national Jewish overtones that have been emphasized since the establishment of the State of Israel.

( The Samaritans practiced a similar religion, which is traditionally considered separate from Judaism.

Since then differences between the Hasidim and their opponents have slowly diminished and both groups are now considered part of Haredi Judaism.

" Moses our Teacher / Rabbi "), he is the most important prophet in Judaism, and is also considered an important prophet in Christianity and Islam, as well as a number of other faiths.

In Judaism, the Messiah is not considered to be God or a Son of God.

Although other texts from the Second Temple period are not considered authoritative in Judaism, they do show reference to the concept of Noahic laws before the Talmud.

Specifically, it is used in the context of Christianity for the concept of divine revelation, and in the context of Judaism for the Urim and Thummim breastplate, and in general any utterance considered prophetic.

All children who receive a Jewish education are considered Jewish in Reconstructionist Judaism regardless of whatever is the sex of their Jewish parent.

The Talmud ( Hebrew: " instruction, learning ", from a root " teach, study ") is a central text of mainstream Judaism, considered second to the Torah.

On the other hand, some retort that Rabbinic Judaism is the heir of the Pharisees and that the verse should still be considered an attack on Judaism as a whole.

Boole considered converting to Judaism but in the end chose Unitarianism.

The city is most notable for containing the traditional burial site of the biblical Patriarchs and Matriarchs and is therefore considered the second-holiest city in Judaism after Jerusalem.

“ Now let us understand the exact meaning of the expression historical Judaism … Looking at Judaism from a historical point of view, we become convinced that there is no one aspect deep enough to exhaust the content of such a complex phenomenon as Judaism … Accordingly, Torah-less Judaism … would be an entirely new thing and not the continuation of something given …

In this view, Orthodox Judaism can “ be enriched ” by its intersection with modernity ; further, “ modern society creates opportunities to be productive citizens engaged in the Divine work of transforming the world to benefit humanity ”.

Khasi people believe the rooster is sacrificed as a substitute for man, it being thought that the cock when sacrificed “ bears the sins of the man ” ( See also similarity of Kapport in Judaism )

If the “ scandal of the cross ” diminished the sect's chances of dominating Judaism, the

Pope John Paul II felt that, “ de facto free unions, i. e., those unions without any publicly recognized institutional bond, are an increasing concern .” As for the Jewish perspective, “ For example, normative Judaism forcefully rejects the claim that never marrying is an equally valid lifestyle to marriage.

Note that the various Names of God in Judaism, generally, correspond to the “ attributes of action ” — in that they represent God as he is known.

In 1895, the 9th edition of Hope of Israel's Our Hope magazine carried the subtitle “ A Monthly Devoted to the Study of Prophecy and to Messianic Judaism ”, the first use of the term " Messianic Judaism ".

In 1965, he began his political activism against “ classical Judaism ” and Zionism.

In the latter part of the nineteenth century, North College Hill was the home of Dr. Isaac Mayer Wise, who has been called “ the most prominent Jew of his time in the United States ” for his influence as one of the early leaders of Reform Judaism in America.

Musar has been described as “ an emerging and growing phenomenon ” within Reform Judaism, and leaders of Conservative Judaism have debated whether Musar should stand at the center of its approach.

The appellation “ Baal Shem ” was not unique to Rabbi Yisroel ben Eliezer ; however, it is Rabbi Yisroel ben Eliezer who is most closely identified as a “ Baal Shem ”, as he was the founder of the spiritual movement of Hasidic Judaism.

It was only in keeping with Besht ’ s character that he welcomed baptism by the Frankists as an end to its threat to mainstream Judaism of the day, for it is related that he said: “ As long as a diseased limb is connected with the body, there is hope that it may be saved ; but, once amputated, it is gone, and there is no hope .” The upheaval caused by the threats of the Frankist movement to destroy mainstream Judaism seemed to undermine Besht ’ s health, however, and he died shortly after the conversion of many Frankists to Christianity.