With the loss of the study of ancient Greek in the early medieval Latin West, Aristotle was practically unknown there from c. AD 600 to c. 1100 except through the Latin translation of the Organon made by Boethius.

The Astronomer ( Vermeer ) | The Astronomer by Johannes Vermeer ( c. 1668 )

Brygos ( potter signed ), Tondo of an Attic red-figure cup c. 470 BC, Louvre.

* Homer, Iliad ii. 595 – 600 ( c. 700 BCE )

Symbols on Gerzean pottery resembling Egyptian hieroglyphs date back to c. 4000 BC, suggesting a still earlier possible date.

According to Igor M. Diakonoff ( 1988: 33n ), Proto-Afroasiatic was spoken c. 10, 000 BC.

According to Christopher Ehret ( 2002: 35 – 36 ), Proto-Afroasiatic was spoken c. 11, 000 BC at the latest and possibly as early as c. 16, 000 BC.

The word can be traced from the Middle Egyptian ( c. 2000 BC ) word dj-b-t " mud sun-dried brick.

" As Middle Egyptian evolved into Late Egyptian, Demotic, and finally Coptic ( c. 600 BC ), dj-b-t became tobe " brick.

* Magnus ( consul 460 ) ( c. 390 or 405 – 475 )

* Armenian alphabet created by Mesrob Mashtots c. 405

** Philolaus, Greek mathematician and philosopher ( approximate date ) ( d. c. 405 BC )

* Philolaus, Greek mathematician and philosopher ( d. c. 405 BCE )

* Eubulus, Athenian statesman ( b. c. 405 BC )

Flavius Ricimer ( c. 405 – August 18, 472 ) ) was a Romanized Germanic general who effectively ruled the remaining territory of the Western Roman Empire from 456 until his death in 472.

Prudentius ( 348-post 405 ): Contra Symmachum ( c. 384 ) I. 267-277:

His mother Lucina, born c. 400, descended from Flavius Philippus, Praetorian prefect of the East in 346, and was the daughter of the influential Flavius Anthemius, Praetorian prefect of the East ( 404 – 415 ) and Consul in 405.

Eubulus, or Euboulos ( c. 405 BC – c. 335 BC ) was a statesman of ancient Athens, who was very influential in Athenian politics during the period 355 BC to 342 BC and was notable for his abilities in managing Athenian finances.

Canannain was fifth in descent from Flaithbertach mac Loingsig ( died 765 ), high-king of Ireland ; they were the descendants of Niall of the Nine Hostages ( Irish: Niall Noigiallach ), who died c. 405 A. D. by his son, Conall Gulban who gave his name to Tír Conaill, the ' Land of Conall ', now County Donegal.

Jovinian, or Jovinianus, ( died c. 405 ) was an opponent of Christian asceticism in the 4th century and was condemned as a heretic at synods convened in Rome under Pope Siricius and in Milan by St Ambrose in 393.

Their computations were based on the Septuagint, which was the Greek version of the Old Testament in general use by Christians until a translation in c. 405 into Latin, called the Vulgate, which translated directly from the Masoretic Text, came into general use in Western Christianity.

* Pope Adrian I ( c. 700-795 )

* Pope Adrian IV ( c. 1100 – 1159 ), English pope

* Pope Adrian V ( c. 1205 – 1276 )

Baldassarre Cossa ( c. 1370 – 21 December 1418 ) was Pope John XXIII ( 1410 – 1415 ) during the Western Schism.

Alexander of Hales ( c. 1185 — 1245 ) ( also Halensis, Alensis, Halesius, Alesius ) also called Doctor Irrefragibilis ( by Pope Alexander IV in the Bull De Fontibus Paradisi ) and Theologorum Monarcha was a theologian and philosopher important in the development of Scholasticism and of the Franciscan School.

Saint Boniface ( c 680 – 750 ), Pope Gregory I ( c 540 – 604, r. 590 – 604 ), Adalbert of Egmond ( 8th century ), and priest Jeroen van Noordwijk, depicted in a 1529 painting by Jan Joostsz van Hillegom, currently on display at the Frans Hals Museum.

* Pope Sylvester II ( c 946 – 1003, r. 999 – 1003 )

* Pope Gregory VII ( c 1020 – 85, r. 1073 – 85 )

* Pope Victor III ( c 1026 – 87, r. 1086 – 87 )

* St Vergilius of Salzburg ( c. 700 – 784 ), in the middle of the eighth century, discussed or taught some geographical or cosmographical ideas which St Boniface found sufficiently objectionable that he complained about them to Pope Zachary.

* 1276 – Pope Gregory X ( b. c. 1210 )

* 1058 – Pope Stephen IX ( b. c. 1020 )

Pope Pius XII, wearing the traditional 1877 Papal Tiara, is carried through St Peter's Basilica on a sedia gestatoria c. 1955.

Pope Saint Linus ( died c. 76 ) was, according to several early sources, Bishop of the Diocese of Rome after Saint Peter.

Pope Alexander III ( c. 1100 / 1105 – 30 August 1181 ), born Rolando ( or Orlando ) of Siena, was Pope from 1159 to 1181.

Pope Adrian ( c. 700 – 25 December 795 ) was pope from 1 February 772 to 25 December 795.

Pope Adrian IV ( c. 1100 – 1 September 1159 ), born Nicholas Breakspear or Breakspeare, was Pope from 1154 to 1159.

Pope Adrian V ( c. 1210 / 20 – 18 August 1276 ), born Ottobuono de ' Fieschi, was Pope for a short time during the year 1276.

Pope John XXI, born Pedro Julião ( Latin, Petrus Iulianus ( c. 1215 – 20 May 1277 ), a Portuguese often identified with Pedro Hispano ( Latin, Petrus Hispanus ; English, Peter of Spain ), was Pope from 1276 until his death about eight months later.

Pope Innocent IV ( c. 1195 – 7 December 1254 ), born Sinibaldo Fieschi, was Pope from 25 June 1243 until his death in 1254.

The Blessed Pope Innocent V ( c. 1225 – 22 June 1276 ), born Pierre de Tarentaise, was Pope from 21 January 1276 until his death.

Stephen Langton ( c. 1150 – 9 July 1228 ) was Archbishop of Canterbury between 1207 and his death in 1228 and was a central figure in the dispute between King John of England and Pope Innocent III, which was a contributing factor to the crisis which led to the issuing of Magna Carta in 1215.

* Pope Innocent V ( c. 1225 – 1276 )

* Pope Innocent VII ( c. 1336 – 1406 ), born Cosimo de ' Migliorati