The problem of thinking in terms of classical measurements of a quantum system becomes particularly acute in the field of quantum cosmology, where the quantum system is the universe.

The field is a new breadth of study in graduate programs, and it integrates elements from all classical areas of chemistry with a focus on fundamental issues that are unique to materials.

** the classical Lie groups, namely the simple groups related to the projective special linear, unitary, symplectic, or orthogonal transformations over a finite field ;

In a classical description, the lack of an external field also means that there is no field between the plates, and no force would be measured between them.

Chet's recordings of " Malaguena " inspired a new generation of Flamenco guitarists ; the classical guitar selections included on almost all his albums were, for many American artists working in the field today, the first classical guitar they ever heard.

Two slits are illuminated by a plane waveGeometry for far field fringesMuch of the behaviour of light can be modelled using classical wave theory.

In classical electromagnetism, the electromagnetic field obeys a set of equations known as Maxwell's equations, and the electromagnetic force is given by the Lorentz force law.

From a classical perspective, the electromagnetic field can be regarded as a smooth, continuous field, propagated in a wavelike manner ; whereas from the perspective of quantum field theory, the field is seen as quantized, being composed of individual particles.

The theory of field extensions ( including Galois theory ) involves the roots of polynomials with coefficients in a field ; among other results, this theory leads to impossibility proofs for the classical problems of angle trisection and squaring the circle with a compass and straightedge, as well as a proof of the Abel – Ruffini theorem on the algebraic insolubility of quintic equations.

Around this time, composers of classical music developed a strong interest in traditional song collecting, and a number of outstanding composers carried out their own field work on traditional song.

String theories are quantum theories of gravity in the sense that they reduce to classical general relativity plus field theory at low energies, but are fully quantum mechanical, contain a graviton, and are believed to be mathematically consistent.

During the classical period in Greece ( 6th, 5th and 4th centuries BCE ) and in Hellenistic times, natural philosophy slowly developed into an exciting and contentious field of study.

Today the notion of " absolute space " is abandoned, and an inertial frame in the field of classical mechanics is defined as:

The first attempt at mathematical rigour in the field of probability, championed by Pierre-Simon Laplace, is now known as the classical definition.

In the classical description, this alignment can be understood to occur due to a torque being provided on the magnetic moments by an applied field, which tries to align the dipoles parallel to the applied field.

It is a procedure for constructing a quantum field theory starting from a classical field theory.

Quantization converts classical fields into operators acting on quantum states of the field theory.

-- On the basis of a differentiability assumption in function space, it is possible to prove that, for materials having the property that the stress is given by a functional of the history of the deformation gradients, the classical theory of infinitesimal viscoelasticity is valid when the deformation has been infinitesimal for all times in the past.

In classical Greece, Anaxagoras asserted that a divine reason ( mind ) gave order to the seeds of the universe, and Plato extended the Greek belief of ideal forms to his metaphysical theory of forms ( ideai: ideas ).

" The first well-known version of anarcho-capitalism was formulated by Austrian School economist and libertarian Murray Rothbard in the mid-twentieth century, synthesizing elements from the Austrian School of economics, classical liberalism, and nineteenth century American individualist anarchists Lysander Spooner and Benjamin Tucker ( rejecting their labor theory of value and the normative implications they derived from it ).

and Nagaoka himself recognized a fundamental defect in the theory even at its conception, namely that a classical charged object cannot sustain orbital motion because it is accelerating and therefore loses energy due to electromagnetic radiation.

He discovered that the so-called Weil representation, previously introduced in quantum mechanics by Irving Segal and Shale, gave a contemporary framework for understanding the classical theory of quadratic forms.

Subsequent modifications of Watson's perspective and that of " classical conditioning " ( see under Ivan Pavlov ) led to the rise of operant conditioning or " radical behaviorism ," a theory advocated by B. F. Skinner, which took over the academic establishment up through the 1950s and was synonymous with " behaviorism " for many.

A few theoretical physicists have argued that classical physics is intrinsically incapable of explaining the holistic aspects of consciousness, but that quantum theory provides the missing ingredients.

In the classical branches of continuum mechanics the development of the theory of stresses is based on non-polar materials.

The term " concept " is traced back to 1554 – 60 ( Latin conceptum-" something conceived "), but what is today termed " the classical theory of concepts " is the theory of Aristotle on the definition of terms.

There are two major divisions in control theory, namely, classical and modern, which have direct implications over the control engineering applications.

The scope of classical control theory is limited to single-input and single-output ( SISO ) system design, except when analyzing for disturbance rejection using a second input.

A controller designed using classical theory often requires on-site tuning due to incorrect design approximations.

Yet, due to easier physical implementation of classical controller designs as compared to systems designed using modern control theory, these controllers are preferred in most industrial applications.

The most common controllers designed using classical control theory are PID controllers.

This overcomes the limitations of classical control theory in more sophisticated design problems, such as fighter aircraft control, with the limitation that no frequency domain analysis is possible.

Students of control engineering may start with a linear control system course dealing with the time and complex-s domain, which requires a thorough background in elementary mathematics and Laplace transform ( called classical control theory ).

In contrast to the frequency domain analysis of the classical control theory, modern control theory utilizes the time-domain state space representation, a mathematical model of a physical system as a set of input, output and state variables related by first-order differential equations.

* The strong cosmic censorship hypothesis asserts that, generically, general relativity is a deterministic theory, in the same sense that classical mechanics is a deterministic theory.

Density-functional theory, classical molecular dynamics and kinetic Monte Carlo

He wrote sentimental plays, Le Fils naturel ( 1757 ) and Le Père de famille ( 1758 ), accompanying them with essays on theatrical theory and practice, including " Les Entretiens sur Le Fils Naturel " ( Conversations on The Natural Son ), in which he announced the principles of a new drama: the ' serious genre ', a realistic midpoint between comedy and tragedy that stood in opposition to the stilted conventions of the classical French stage.

* A basic introduction to the classical theory of volume diffusion ( with figures and animations )

In tularemia produced by aerosol exposure, one would not expect to find the classical ulcer of `` rabbit fever '' on a finger.

Other new artistic currents including the one of M ' hamed Issiakhem, Mohammed Khadda and Bachir Yelles, appeared on the scene of Algerian painting, abandoning figurative classical painting to find new pictorial ways, in order to adapt Algerian paintings to the new realities of the country through its struggle and its aspirations.

As an unintended consequence, the soundtrack to one of the films — Beethoven's Ninth Symphony — renders Alex unable to listen to his beloved classical music.

André-Marie Ampère ( 20 January 1775 – 10 June 1836 ) was a French physicist and mathematician who is generally regarded as one of the main founders of the science of classical electromagnetism, which he referred to as " electrodynamics ".

Although few details of his life are known, he is regarded as one of the leading scientists in classical antiquity.

The subject has been popular in art since classical times ; it is one of several Greek myths of a Greek hero's rescue of the intended victim of an archaic sacred marriage, giving rise to the " princess and dragon " motif.

Around the same time, on the North slope, in a cave next to the one dedicated to Pan since the classical period, a sanctuary was founded where the archons dedicated to Apollo on taking office.

Similarly, intuitionists object to the existence property for classical logic, where one can prove, without being able to produce any term of which holds.

He also composed one large scale instrumental work in 1815 intended as a study in late classical orchestration: Twenty-Six Variations for the Orchestra on a Theme called La Folia di Spagna.

Dürer's introduction of classical motifs into Northern art, through his knowledge of Italian artists and German humanists, has secured his reputation as one of the most important figures of the Northern Renaissance.

Completed in 1824, the symphony is one of the best-known works of the Western classical repertoire.

The Mahāyānist Nāgārjuna, one of the most influential Buddhist thinkers, promoted classical Buddhist emphasis on phenomena and attacked Sarvāstivāda realism and Sautrāntika nominalism in his magnum opus, The Fundamental Verses on the Middle Way ( Mūlamadhyamakakārikā ).

Oxford classicist Edward Copleston said that classical education “ communicates to the mind … a high sense of honor, a disdain of death in a good cause, a passionate devotion to the welfare of one ’ s country ”, thus concurring with Cicero that: “ All literature, all philosophical treatises, all the voices of antiquity are full of examples for imitation, which would all lie unseen in darkness without the light of literature ”.

Fire is one of the four classical elements in ancient Greek philosophy and science.

A concept that anticipates both the four classical elements of Empedocles and Aristotle's transmutation of the four elements into one another.

Air is one of the four classical elements in ancient Greek philosophy and science.

Air is not one of the traditional five Chinese classical elements.

Earth is one of the four classical elements in ancient Greek philosophy and science.

On paper, using classical notation, this is usually done all in one step.

After it was shown that at least one such body was larger than Pluto, on August 24, 2006 the International Astronomical Union ( IAU ) reclassified Pluto, grouping it with two similarly sized " dwarf planets " rather than with the eight " classical planets ".

The Egyptians, Persians and other civilizations mostly used columns for the practical purpose of holding up the roof inside a building, preferring outside walls to be decorated with reliefs or painting, but the Ancient Greeks, followed by the Romans, loved to use them on the outside as well, and the extensive use of columns on the interior and exterior of buildings is one of the most characteristic features of classical architecture, in buildings like the Parthenon.

A classical order is one of the ancient styles of classical architecture, each distinguished by its proportions and characteristic profiles and details, and most readily recognizable by the type of column employed.

Assuming that the rule is known, one can derive the function that is used above in the classical heat calculation with respect to pressure.

In classical logic disjunctive syllogism ( historically known as modus tollendo ponens ) is a valid argument form which is a syllogism having a disjunctive statement for one of its premises.