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In cryptography, a Type 1 product is a device or system certified by the National Security Agency ( NSA ) for use in cryptographically securing classified U. S. Government information.
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cryptography and Type
In the history of cryptography, Typex ( alternatively, Type X or TypeX ) machines were British cipher machines used from 1937.
In cryptography, Type 2 products are unclassified cryptographic equipment, assemblies, or components, endorsed by the National Security Agency ( NSA ), for use in telecommunications and automated information systems for the protection of national security information.
In the history of cryptography, 97-shiki ōbun inji-ki ( 九七式欧文印字機 ) (" System 97 Printing Machine for European Characters ") or Angōki Taipu-B ( 暗号機 タイプB ) (" Type B Cipher Machine "), codenamed Purple by the United States, was a diplomatic cryptographic machine used by the Japanese Foreign Office just before and during World War II.
cryptography and 1
In computational complexity theory and cryptography, an index set is a set for which there exists an algorithm I that can sample the set efficiently ; i. e., on input 1 < sup > n </ sup >, I can efficiently select a poly ( n )- bit long element from the set.
Now the system is fully accepted to IEEE P1363 standards under the specifications for lattice-based public-key cryptography ( IEEE P1363. 1 ).
* The standard IEEE Std 1363. 1, issued in 2008, standardizes lattice-based public key cryptography, especially NTRUEncrypt.
In public key cryptography, padding is the process of preparing a message for encryption or signing using a specification or scheme such as PKCS # 1 v2. 0, OAEP, PSS, PSSR, IEEE P1363 EMSA2 and EMSA5.
The Electronic Frontier Foundation | EFF's US $ 250, 000 DES cracking machine contained 1, 856 custom chips and could brute force attack | brute force a DES key ( cryptography ) | key in a matter of days — the photo shows a two-sided DES Cracker circuit board fitted with 64 Deep Crack chips
Although the most efficient known integer factorization methods do not depend on the size of the prime factors of q − 1, this is nonetheless considered important in cryptography: for instance, the ANSI X9. 31 standard mandates that strong primes ( not safe primes ) be used for RSA moduli.
* Lattice-based public-key cryptography ( P1363. 1 )
* 1 February 1956, FBI Belmont to Boardman Memo discusses prosecution of the members of the Perlo group, including " ' Kant ' ( Harry Magdoff )" but weighs the disclosure of Government techniques and practices in the cryptography field to unauthorized persons and would compromise the Government's efforts in the communications intelligence field.
cryptography and product
In cryptography, a product cipher combines two or more transformations in a manner intending that the resulting cipher is more secure than the individual components to make it resistant to cryptanalysis.
In cryptography, the so-called product ciphers are a certain kind of ciphers, where the ( de -) ciphering of data is done in " rounds ".
Clark Stanley's Snake Oil. In cryptography, snake oil is any commercial cryptographic method or product considered to be bogus or fraudulent.
; Technobabble: Snake oil salespeople may use " technobabble " to sell their product since cryptography is a complicated subject.
cryptography and is
The latter is more cumbersome to use, so it's only employed when necessary, for example in the analysis of arbitrary-precision arithmetic algorithms, like those used in cryptography.
In cryptography, a block cipher is a deterministic algorithm operating on fixed-length groups of bits, called blocks, with an unvarying transformation that is specified by a symmetric key.
In cryptography, a cipher ( or cypher ) is an algorithm for performing encryption or decryption — a series of well-defined steps that can be followed as a procedure.
In non-technical usage, a " cipher " is the same thing as a " code "; however, the concepts are distinct in cryptography.
* symmetric key algorithms ( Private-key cryptography ), where the same key is used for encryption and decryption, and
In cryptography, key size or key length is the size measured in bits of the key used in a cryptographic algorithm ( such as a cipher ).
It is one of the earliest practical examples of key exchange implemented within the field of cryptography.
The introduction of DES is considered to have been a catalyst for the academic study of cryptography, particularly of methods to crack block ciphers.
" An astonishing share of the open literature in cryptography in the 1970s and 1980s dealt with the DES, and the DES is the standard against which every symmetric key algorithm since has been compared.
Elliptic curve cryptography ( ECC ) is an approach to public-key cryptography based on the algebraic structure of elliptic curves over finite fields.
Public-key cryptography is based on the intractability of certain mathematical problems.
Elliptic curve cryptography is vulnerable to a modified Shor's algorithm for solving the discrete logarithm problem on elliptic curves.
In cryptography, encryption is the process of transforming information ( referred to as plaintext ) using an algorithm ( called a cipher ) to make it unreadable to anyone except those possessing special knowledge, usually referred to as a key.
The result of the process is information ( in cryptography, referred to as ciphertext ).
Factorization of large integers is believed to be a computationally very difficult problem, and the security of many modern cryptography systems is based upon its infeasibility.
The Communications-Electronics Security Group ( CESG ) of GCHQ provides assistance to government departments on their own communications security: CESG is the UK national technical authority for information assurance, including cryptography.
Although related, the distinctions among these measures mean that a random variable with high Shannon entropy is not necessarily satisfactory for use in an extractor and so for cryptography uses.
Information security uses cryptography to transform usable information into a form that renders it unusable by anyone other than an authorized user ; this process is called encryption.
In cryptography, the International Data Encryption Algorithm ( IDEA ) is a block cipher designed by James Massey of ETH Zurich and Xuejia Lai and was first described in 1991.
The presumed difficulty of this problem is at the heart of widely used algorithms in cryptography such as RSA.
This will have significant implications for cryptography if a large quantum computer is ever built.
The problem often arises in resource allocation where there are financial constraints and is studied in fields such as combinatorics, computer science, complexity theory, cryptography and applied mathematics.
cryptography and device
In cryptography, a rotor machine is an electro-mechanical stream cipher device used for encrypting and decrypting secret messages.
He had an interest in cryptography and used it as a plot device in several of his works, most notably his short story " The Gold-Bug.
In cryptography, the Polybius square, also known as the Polybius checkerboard, is a device invented by the Ancient Greek historian and scholar Polybius, described in Hist.
For the earlier Polish decryption device, see Bomba ( cryptography ).
In cryptography and number theory, TWIRL ( The Weizmann Institute Relation Locator ) is a hypothetical hardware device designed to speed up the sieving step of the general number field sieve integer factorization algorithm.
In cryptography, power analysis is a form of side channel attack in which the attacker studies the power consumption of a cryptographic hardware device ( such as a smart card, tamper-resistant " black box ", or integrated circuit ).
* Code ( cryptography ), device for hiding the meaning of a message
* Pinwheel ( cryptography ), a device for producing a short pseudo-random sequence of bits
In the history of cryptography, the Kryha machine was a device for encryption and decryption, appearing in the early 1920s and used until the 1950s.
In cryptography, a pinwheel was a device for producing a short pseudorandom sequence of bits ( determined by the machine's initial settings ), as a component in a cipher machine.
The BID 770 was a British-built electronic cryptography device, codenamed TOPIC.
* Bomba ( cryptography ), the Polish device for breaking the Enigma cryptographic machine
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