The latter is more cumbersome to use, so it's only employed when necessary, for example in the analysis of arbitrary-precision arithmetic algorithms, like those used in cryptography.

In cryptography, a block cipher is a deterministic algorithm operating on fixed-length groups of bits, called blocks, with an unvarying transformation that is specified by a symmetric key.

In cryptography, a cipher ( or cypher ) is an algorithm for performing encryption or decryption — a series of well-defined steps that can be followed as a procedure.

In non-technical usage, a " cipher " is the same thing as a " code "; however, the concepts are distinct in cryptography.

* symmetric key algorithms ( Private-key cryptography ), where the same key is used for encryption and decryption, and

In cryptography, key size or key length is the size measured in bits of the key used in a cryptographic algorithm ( such as a cipher ).

It is one of the earliest practical examples of key exchange implemented within the field of cryptography.

The introduction of DES is considered to have been a catalyst for the academic study of cryptography, particularly of methods to crack block ciphers.

" An astonishing share of the open literature in cryptography in the 1970s and 1980s dealt with the DES, and the DES is the standard against which every symmetric key algorithm since has been compared.

Elliptic curve cryptography ( ECC ) is an approach to public-key cryptography based on the algebraic structure of elliptic curves over finite fields.

Public-key cryptography is based on the intractability of certain mathematical problems.

Elliptic curve cryptography is vulnerable to a modified Shor's algorithm for solving the discrete logarithm problem on elliptic curves.

In cryptography, encryption is the process of transforming information ( referred to as plaintext ) using an algorithm ( called a cipher ) to make it unreadable to anyone except those possessing special knowledge, usually referred to as a key.

The result of the process is information ( in cryptography, referred to as ciphertext ).

Factorization of large integers is believed to be a computationally very difficult problem, and the security of many modern cryptography systems is based upon its infeasibility.

The Communications-Electronics Security Group ( CESG ) of GCHQ provides assistance to government departments on their own communications security: CESG is the UK national technical authority for information assurance, including cryptography.

Although related, the distinctions among these measures mean that a random variable with high Shannon entropy is not necessarily satisfactory for use in an extractor and so for cryptography uses.

Information security uses cryptography to transform usable information into a form that renders it unusable by anyone other than an authorized user ; this process is called encryption.

In cryptography, the International Data Encryption Algorithm ( IDEA ) is a block cipher designed by James Massey of ETH Zurich and Xuejia Lai and was first described in 1991.

The presumed difficulty of this problem is at the heart of widely used algorithms in cryptography such as RSA.

This will have significant implications for cryptography if a large quantum computer is ever built.

The problem often arises in resource allocation where there are financial constraints and is studied in fields such as combinatorics, computer science, complexity theory, cryptography and applied mathematics.

A block cipher is one of the most basic primitives in cryptography, and frequently used for data encryption.

This technical overview of basic cryptographic components ( including extensive diagrams and graphics ) explains the evolution of cryptography from the simplest concepts to some modern concepts.

Additional courses were organized on which the soldiers were trained in basic covert operations, topography, cryptography, and sharpshooting.

They are also often loosely called roots because they are ancient and have a basic role in word formation, but functionally and often structurally they are distinct from roots: the-graph in autograph is both a root and a classical compound, while the-graphy in cryptography consists of root-graph-and suffix-y, and is only a classical compound.

For security conscious citizens with some basic technical know-how, tools like I2P – The Anonymous Network, Tor, mixmaster and the cryptography options integrated into any many modern mail clients can be employed.

While well explained, it is a technical piece ; some C programming experience is essential, although a basic understanding of networking and cryptography helps as well.

Since only Microsoft-approved cryptography suites can be installed or used as a component of Windows it is possible to keep export copies of this operating system ( and products with Windows installed ) in compliance with the Export Administration Regulations ( EAR ), which are enforced by the US Department of Commerce Bureau of Industry and Security ( BIS ).

In cryptography, a pinwheel was a device for producing a short pseudorandom sequence of bits ( determined by the machine's initial settings ), as a component in a cipher machine.

Common families include symmetric systems ( e. g. AES ) and asymmetric systems ( e. g. RSA ); they may alternatively be grouped according to the central algorithm used ( e. g. elliptic curve cryptography ).

In cryptography, a stream cipher is a symmetric key cipher where plaintext digits are combined with a pseudorandom cipher digit stream ( keystream ).

Secret-key ( symmetric ) cryptography requires the initial exchange of a shared key in a manner that is private and integrity-assured.

In cryptography, RC6 is a symmetric key block cipher derived from RC5.

Random numbers are used in both symmetric and asymmetric cryptography as a way of generating keys and for the random values used in the operation of some algorithms.

* Private-key cryptography ( symmetric key algorithm ): the same key is used for encryption and decryption

TLS and SSL encrypt the segments of network connections at the Application Layer for the Transport Layer, using asymmetric cryptography for key exchange, symmetric encryption for confidentiality, and message authentication codes for message integrity.

In modern cryptography, symmetric key ciphers are generally divided into stream ciphers and block ciphers.

This requirement of on-line validation negates one of the original major advantages of PKI over symmetric cryptography protocols, namely that the certificate is " self-authenticating ".

In cryptography, a Feistel cipher is a symmetric structure used in the construction of block ciphers, named after the German-born physicist and cryptographer Horst Feistel who did pioneering research while working for IBM ( USA ); it is also commonly known as a Feistel network.

The payment system utilized symmetric cryptography.

In traditional symmetric key cryptography, this problem wasn't an issue as it was implicitly assumed that some " secure " method of key distribution guaranteed key authenticity.

Higher-layer processes may specify keys to perform symmetric cryptography to protect the payload and restrict it to a group of devices or just a point-to-point link ; these groups of devices can be specified in access control lists.

It has an entity authentication mechanism, based on the X. 509 system ; a key setup phase, where a symmetric encryption key is formed by employing public-key cryptography ; and an application-level data transport function.

In cryptography, MAGENTA is a symmetric key block cipher developed by Michael Jacobson Jr. and Klaus Huber for Deutsche Telekom.

In the Microsoft Windows family of operating systems EFS enables this measure, although on NTFS drives only, and does so using a combination of public key cryptography and symmetric key cryptography to make decrypting the files extremely difficult without the correct key.

* In cryptography, sinople is a 128-bit symmetric block cipher

In cryptography, NewDES is a symmetric key block cipher.

Part of the role of the SSL handshake is to agree on session keys ( symmetric keys, used for the duration of a given session ), but the encryption and signature of the SSL handshake messages itself is done using asymmetric keys ( contained in the certificates ), which requires more computational power than the symmetric cryptography used for the encryption / decryption of the session data.