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In data compression, a universal code for integers is a prefix code that maps the positive integers onto binary codewords, with the additional property that whatever the true probability distribution on integers, as long as the distribution is monotonic ( i. e., p ( i ) ≥ p ( i + 1 ) for all positive i ), the expected lengths of the codewords are within a constant factor of the expected lengths that the optimal code for that probability distribution would have assigned.
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data and compression
Whenever the observer's learning process ( which may be a predictive neural network-see also Neuroesthetics ) leads to improved data compression such that the observation sequence can be described by fewer bits than before, the temporary interestingness of the data corresponds to the number of saved bits.
* Audio compression ( data )
Processing methods and application areas include storage, level compression, data compression, transmission, enhancement ( e. g., equalization, filtering, noise cancellation, echo or reverb removal or addition, etc.
Level compression is not to be confused with audio data compression, where the amount of data is reduced without affecting the amplitude of the sound it represents.
Many file archivers employ archive formats that provide lossless data compression to reduce the size of the archive which is often useful for transferring a large number of individual files over a high latency network like the Internet.
The use of data coding for data compression predates the computer era ; an early example is the telegraph Morse code where more-frequently used characters have shorter representations.
A codec ( the program ) should not be confused with a coding or compression format or standard – a format is a document ( the standard ), a way of storing data, while a codec is a program ( an implementation ) which can read or write such files.
* Lossless data compression
* A device applying audio data compression to an audio signal
Modern methods include the use of lossless data compression for incremental parsing, prediction suffix tree and string searching by factor oracle algorithm ( basically a factor oracle is a finite state automaton constructed in linear time and space in an incremental fashion ).
In computer science and information theory, data compression, source coding,
The process of reducing the size of a data file is popularly referred to as data compression, although its formal name is source coding ( coding done at the source of the data, before it is stored or transmitted ).
The design of data compression schemes involve trade-offs among various factors, including the degree of compression, the amount of distortion introduced ( e. g., when using lossy data compression ), and the computational resources required to compress and uncompress the data.
data and universal
For F that are universal, such a p can generally be seen both as the concatenation of a program part and a data part, and as a single program for the function F.
A basic objective of the first normal form defined by Codd in 1970 was to permit data to be queried and manipulated using a " universal data sub-language " grounded in first-order logic.
With knowledge of Alan Turing's theoretical ' universal computing machine ' John von Neumann defined an architecture which uses the same memory both to store programs and data: virtually all contemporary computers use this architecture ( or some variant ).
* Simple Declarative Language, a simple universal language for describing typed data in lists, maps and trees
In the early 1960s, the American Standards Association led a project to develop a universal code for data processing, which became known as ASCII.
Takahashi determined that the peacock ’ s train was not the universal target of female mate choice, showed little variance across male populations, and, based on physiological data collected from this group of peafowl, do not correlate to male physical conditions.
The universal designation indicates that the data format and transmission speeds are configurable and that the actual electric signaling levels and methods ( such as differential signaling etc.
Lempel – Ziv – Welch ( LZW ) is a universal lossless data compression algorithm created by Abraham Lempel, Jacob Ziv, and Terry Welch.
* Application Configuration Access Protocol, a protocol which enhances IMAP by allowing the user to set up data for universal access
In mathematical terms, they are universal function approximators, meaning that given the right data and configured correctly, they can capture and model any input-output relationships.
IVR became vital for call centers deploying universal queuing and routing solutions and acted as an agent which collected customer data to enable intelligent routing decisions.
All models also had a 16-bit universal parallel port with separate input and output buses for connecting peripherals such as printers ( Eastern Bloc printers used the incompatible ИРПР interface instead of the more popular Centronics port, so Centronics printers needed an adapter ), mice or Covox DACs for sound output, and tape recorder port for data storage.
He then showed, through a series of mathematical proofs on detailed observational data of the motions of planets and comets, that their motions could be explained by a single principle of " universal gravitation " that applied as well to the orbits of the Galilean moons around Jupiter, the moon around the earth, the earth around the sun, and to falling bodies on earth.
Feminist economists say too many theories claim to present universal principles but actually present a masculine viewpoint in the guise of a " view from nowhere ," so more varied sources of data collection are needed to mediate those issues.
They use their intuition to amalgamate empirical data into coherent pictures, from which they can derive universal principles.
It states formally, " The ideal principle states that the prior probability associated with the hypothesis should be given by the algorithmic universal probability, and the sum of the log universal probability of the model plus the log of the probability of the data given the model should be minimized.
Its almost universal use has meant that experimental data can be compared easily by different laboratories around the world.
The definition of a dynamic language is ambiguous because it attempts to make distinctions between code and data as well as between compilation and runtime which are not universal.
HSCSD is also an option in enhanced data rates for GSM evolution ( EDGE ) and universal mobile telephone system ( UMTS ) systems where packet data transmission rates are much higher.
1 is used for short codes, 2 for geographical numbers ( 3 and 4 are reserved for that purpose too ), 5 is used for inter-network routing purposes ( non-dialable codes ) and VPNs, 6 for mobile services, 7 is reserved for universal access numbers ( not active ), 8 for reduced fee services ( like 800 toll-free, 801 local call, 89 dial-up and data services ), 9 is used for premium rate services ( 901 for general purpose and 909 for adult-only services ).
* UniProt the universal protein database, a central repository of protein data ( Swiss-Prot & TrEMBL & PIR ).
There is no single authoritative MLS, and no universal data format.
data and code
Its first commercial use was as a seven-bit teleprinter code promoted by Bell data services.
It allows compact encoding, but is less reliable for data transmission ; an error in transmitting the shift code typically makes a long part of the transmission unreadable.
The committee voted to use a seven-bit code to minimize costs associated with data transmission.
The data code for the country is AM.
Atlas Autocode included a < code >< u > complex </ u ></ code > data type which would support complex numbers, partly because of pressure from the electrical engineering department, as complex numbers are used to represent the behavior of alternating current.
The < code >< u > complex </ u ></ code > data type was dropped when Atlas Autocode later morphed into the Edinburgh IMP programming language.
The data format of a DXF is called a " tagged data " format which " means that each data element in the file is preceded by an integer number that is called a group code.
* Binary code, the digital representation of text and data
Starting in 1971 Ritchie made changes to the language while converting its compiler to produce machine code, most notably adding data typing for variables.
called an error-correcting code, and works by including carefully crafted redundancy with the stored ( or transmitted ) data.
Probably the most widely known data communications code so far ( aka character representation ) in use today is ASCII.
A character encoding system consists of a code that pairs each character from a given repertoire with something else — such as a bit pattern, sequence of natural numbers, octets, or electrical pulses — in order to facilitate the transmission of data ( generally numbers or text ) through telecommunication networks or for data storage.
Software includes all the various forms and roles that digitally stored data may have and play in a computer ( or similar system ), regardless of whether the data is used as code for a CPU, or other interpreter, or whether it represents other kinds of information.
Common Lisp is a dialect of Lisp ; it uses S-expressions to denote both code and data structure.
In CDMA a locally generated code runs at a much higher rate than the data to be transmitted.
The data signal with pulse duration of is XOR ’ ed with the code signal with pulse duration of.
If sender0 has code ( 1, – 1 ) and data ( 1, 0, 1, 1 ), and sender1 has code ( 1, 1 ) and data ( 0, 0, 1, 1 ), and both senders transmit simultaneously, then this table describes the coding steps:
0.534 seconds.