It was also turned into the female form Ἀχιλλεία ( Achilleía ) attested in Attica in the 4th century BC ( IG II² 1617 ) and, in the form Achillia, on a stele in Halicarnassus as the name of a female gladiator fighting an " Amazon ".

About the 4th century BCE, the paean became merely a formula of adulation ; its object was either to implore protection against disease and misfortune, or to offer thanks after such protection had been rendered.

Marble, Roman copy of a Greek original of the 4th century BCE, from the collection of Cardinal Albani

In the 4th century BC Alexander the Great conquered the peninsula, defeating the Persians.

The name Asia Minor was given by the Latin author Orosios in the 4th century AD.

In the latter part of the 4th century BC, the Macedonian Greek king Alexander the Great conquered the peninsula.

The texts, which were rendered on leather, reflect the use of Aramaic in the 4th century BCE Achaemenid administration of Bactria and Sogdiana.

** Laozi ( 5th – 4th century BC )

** Zhuangzi ( 4th century BC )

: Metrodorus of Chios ( 4th century BC )

" Arianism " is also often used to refer to other nontrinitarian theological systems of the 4th century, which regarded Jesus Christ — the Son of God, the Logos — as either a created being ( as in Arianism proper and Anomoeanism ), or as neither uncreated nor created in the sense other beings are created ( as in Semi-Arianism ).

Controversy over Arianism arose in the late 3rd century and persisted throughout most of the 4th century.

But, by the end of the 4th century Trinitarianism prevailed in the Roman Empire.

The conflict in the 4th century had seen Arian and Nicene factions struggling for control of the Church.

The real founder of cenobitic ( koinos, common, and bios, life ) monasteries in the modern sense was Pachomius, an Egyptian of the beginning of the 4th century.

Palladius, who visited the Egyptian monasteries about the close of the 4th century, found among the 300 members of the coenobium of Panopolis, under the Pachomian rule, 15 tailors, 7 smiths, 4 carpenters, 12 cameldrivers and 15 tanners.

Aurelius Ambrosius, better known in English as Saint Ambrose ( c. 330 – 4 April 397 ), was an archbishop of Milan who became one of the most influential ecclesiastical figures of the 4th century.

In the late 4th century there was a deep conflict in the diocese of Milan between the Catholics and Arians.

In the 4th century BC it continued its traditional policy, but in 338 was besieged by Philip II of Macedon.

Amber is discussed by Theophrastus, possibly the first historical mention of the material, in the 4th century BC.

Alcidamas, of Elaea, in Aeolis, Greek sophist and rhetorician, flourished in the 4th century BC.

The Theban army under Pelopidas is said to have been dismayed by an eclipse ( on July 13, 364, see 4th century BC eclipses ), and Pelopidas, leaving the bulk of his army behind, entered Thessaly at the head of three hundred volunteer horsemen and some mercenaries.

Their non-Greek language is confirmed on the site by inscriptions in the Cypriot syllabary which alone in the Aegean world survived the Bronze Age collapse and continued to be used down to the 4th century BC.

* Andronicus, Probus, and Tarachus ( Saint Andronicus ), a 4th century martyr

On the 4th day Palaiochora fell, but the church of St George ( Latin church ) was spared.

Historians such as Theodore Mommsen and Bernard Bavant aruge that all Dalmatia was fully romanized and Latin speaking by the 4th century.

Due to politically charged differences in the 4th century, schisms developed, and the first denominations ( from the Latin, " to take a new name ") formed.

According to the 4th century Latin writer Servius, a fourth set of Etruscan books existed, dealing with animal gods, but it is unlikely that any scholar living in the 4th century could have read Etruscan.

Jerome, who wrote the Latin Vulgate translation, wrote in the 4th century, " it is rejected by everyone " and included it in the Vulgate, which is the reason for translating the letter into Latin.

When the Franks invaded the Roman territories ( from the end of the 4th century and well into the 5th century ) they brought their language with them and Celtic and Latin were replaced by Old Dutch.

While they were written originally in Latin, many have been translated ; a familiar example is the 4th century Of the Father's Heart Begotten sung to the 11th century plainsong Divinum Mysterium.

Extant copies of these early manuscripts written in Greek or Latin and usually dating from the 4th century to the 8th century, are classified according to their use of either all upper case or all lower case letters.

* Codex Bobiensis ( Latin ; copied in the 4th century, but containing at least a 3rd-century form of text )

* Codex Vercellensis ( Latin ; copied in the 4th century )

Pytheas of Massalia, or Latin Massilia ( Ancient Greek Πυθέας ὁ Μασσαλιώτης, 4th century BC ), was a Greek geographer and explorer from the Greek colony, Massalia ( modern day Marseilles ).

Latin masses, however, did not become universal until the latter half of the 4th century.

* Jean de Meun translates Vegetius ' 4th century military treatise De Re Militari from Latin into French.

* 1284 – Jean de Meun translates Vegetius ' 4th century military treatise De Re Militari from Latin into French.

The myth of Proserpina, the most extensive Latin version of which is by Claudian ( 4th century AD ), is closely connected with that of Orpheus and Eurydice.

It is found in Latin texts from the 4th century describing a tribe which sailed from Ireland to raid Roman Britain.

In the 4th c., Aelius Donatus compiled the Latin grammar Ars Grammatica that was to be the defining school text through the Middle Ages.

228a ( Marsic Latin ).</ ref > dating to the late 4th century BC.

* Distichs of Cato, or simply Cato, a Latin collection of proverbial wisdom and morality from the 3rd or 4th century AD author Dionysius Cato

The Iron Age Sarmatians ( Latin Sarmatæ or Sauromatæ ; Greek ) were an Iranian people in Classical Antiquity, flourishing from about the 5th century BC to the 4th century AD.

The Moselle was celebrated in Mosella, a Latin poem by Ausonius ( 4th century ).

The name of the soldier who pierced Christ's side with a longche is not given in the Gospel of John, but in the oldest known references to the legend, the apocryphal Gospel of Nicodemus appended to late manuscripts of the 4th century Acts of Pilate, the soldier is identified as a centurion and called Longinus ( making the spear's " correct " Latin name Lancea Longini ).