In modern times, some idioms refer to the ocean in a humorously diminutive way as the Pond, describing both the geographical and cultural divide between North America and Europe, in particular between the English-speaking nations of both continents.

Chartier's typical undergraduate course focuses upon the making, remaking, dissemination, and reading of texts in early modern Europe and America.

* Select nationalities of Europe and the respective developments from early modern European cuisine of the colonial age:

* Vasconic substratum hypothesis: This proposal, by the German linguist Theo Vennemann, claims that there is enough toponymical evidence to conclude that Basque is the only survivor of a larger family that once extended throughout most of Europe, and has also left its mark in modern Indo-European languages spoken in Europe.

Monasticism had been introduced into the region of modern France during the Roman era by St. Martin of Tours, who founded the first monastery in Western Europe.

Croatian highways are widely regarded as being one of the most modern and safe in Europe.

It was especially important for preserving in its libraries manuscripts of Greek and Latin authors throughout a period when instability and disorder caused their mass-destruction in western Europe and north Africa: On the city's fall, thousands of these were brought by refugees to Italy, and played a key part in stimulating the Renaissance, and the transition to the modern world.

His forecast of the form of government suitable to the modern world may be seen as prophetic: the largely ceremonial offices of president in some modern parliamentary democracies in Europe and e. g. Israel can be perceived as elected or appointed versions of Hegel's constitutional monarch ; the Russian and French presidents, with their stronger powers, may also be regarded in Hegelian terms as wielding powers suitable to the embodiment of the national will.

The range of times and places in which the horrors of the Mythos can be encountered was also expanded in late 2005 onwards with the addition of Cthulhu Dark Ages by Stéphane Gesbert, which gives a framework for playing games set in eleventh-century Europe, Secrets of Japan by Michael Dziesinski for gaming in modern day Japan, and Secrets of Kenya by David Conyers for gaming in interwar period Africa.

The word " strategy " had only recently come into usage in modern Europe, and Clausewitz's definition is quite narrow: " the use of engagements for the object of war.

While never reaching the level of accuracy of a modern timepiece, the water clock was the most accurate and commonly used timekeeping device for millennia, until it was replaced by the more accurate pendulum clock in 17th century Europe.

The Catholic Church has what is claimed to be the oldest continuously functioning internal legal system in Western Europe, much later than Roman law but predating evolution of modern European civil law traditions.

The institutions and practices of canon law paralleled the legal development of much of Europe, and consequently both modern civil law and common law bear the influences of canon law.

The floodlights were said to be the most expensive in Europe at the time as they were so modern.

A secondary meaning for the term liberal conservatism that has developed in Europe is a combination of more modern conservative ( less traditionalist ) views with those of social liberalism.

The Maya are generally given credit for creating the first modern chocolate beverage over 2, 000 years ago, despite the fact that the beverage would undergo many more changes in Europe.

In modern times, regions of Europe had untouchables in addition to the upper castes and serfs.

In 1648, the powers of Europe signed the Treaty of Westphalia which ended the religious violence for purely political governance and outlook, signifying the birth of the modern ' state '.

The birth of modern comparative law is generally attributed to Europe in the eighteenth century.

These African importees have had the most dominant racial influence, and their rich and ancient culture has had an influence second only to that of Europe on the political and cultural character of the modern Dominican Republic.

The double bass is generally regarded as a modern descendant of the string family of instruments that originated in Europe in the 15th century, and as such has been described as a bass Violin.

Many historians trace modern Ethiopian foreign policy to the reign of Emperor Tewodros II, whose primary concerns were the security of Ethiopia's traditional borders, obtaining technology from Europe ( or modernization ), and to a lesser degree Ethiopian rights to the monastery of Dar-es-Sultan in the city of Jerusalem.

In more modern English usage, the term " adobe " has come to include a style of architecture popular in the desert climates of North America, especially in New Mexico.

This religious explanation is supported by modern Pueblo beliefs about a North Road leading to their place of origin and along which the spirits of the dead travel.

For example, the word " Amerika " in German has a one-to-one equivalence to its meaning in modern English: it may denote North America, South America, or both, and in some instances refers to the United States only.

This game was brought by immigrants to North America, where the modern version developed.

They have also been identified with an East Germanic group, whose remains have mostly been found in the North of modern day Bavaria.

Traveling north to south, the first neighborhood, the " North Residential Neighborhood ", has high-rise residential buildings, a large hotel, Stuyvesant High School, a movie theater and a modern branch of the New York Public Library.

According to David Steel, curator of European art at the North Carolina Museum of Art, Erin Jones " brought that museum into the modern era ," employing " a top-notch curator, John Nolan ," and following " best practices in conservation and restoration.

Eero Saarinen's North Christian Church is an example of modern architecture in Columbus.

The modern disciples have been described as " a Reformed North American Mainstream Moderate Denomination.

The modern " election ", which consists of public elections of government officials, didn't emerge until the beginning of the 17th century when the idea of representative government took hold in North America and Europe.

The two different historical Estonian languages ( sometimes considered dialects ), the North and South Estonian languages, are based on the ancestors of modern Estonians ' migration into the territory of Estonia in at least two different waves, both groups speaking considerably different Finnic vernaculars.

It originated as a Phoenician colony in Africa, near modern Tunis, and gradually became the center of a civilization whose hegemony reached along the North African coast and deep in its hinterland, and also included the Balearic Islands, Sardinia, Corsica, a limited area in southern Spain, and the western half of Sicily.

Further, Menelik had spent much of the previous four years building up a supply of modern weapons and ammunition, acquired from the French, British, and the Italians themselves, as the European colonial powers sought to keep each other's North African aspirations in check.

Stephen Oppenheimer suggests that this reflects a movement of modern human ( possibly Caucasian ) groups back into North Africa, at this time.

The Visigoths meanwhile, having sacked Rome two years earlier, arrived in the region in 412 founding the Visigothic kingdom of Toulouse ( in the south of modern France ) and gradually expanded their influence into the Iberian peninsula at the expense of the Vandals and Alans, who moved on into North Africa without leaving much permanent mark on Hispanic culture.

The earliest evidence for modern humans in North West Europe is a jawbone discovered in Devon at Kents Cavern in 1927, which was re-dated in 2011 to between 41, 000 and 44, 000 years old.

In modern times, the Marina Militare, being a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation ( NATO ), has taken part in many coalition peacekeeping operations.

Bonewits also coined much of the modern terminology used to define and articulate many of the conceptual themes and issues which affect the North American Neopagan community.

Today the islands are split more or less equally between the modern unitary authorities of Argyll and Bute and North Ayrshire with only Ailsa Craig and Lady Isle in South Ayrshire falling outwith these two council areas.

They are believed to have originated from Jutland peninsula ( called Iutum in Latin ) in modern Denmark, Southern Schleswig ( Southern Jutland ) and part of the North Frisian coast in northern Germany.

In the early Pleistocene, the forerunners of modern jaguars crept across Beringia, the land bridge that once spanned the Bering Strait and connected Asia and North America.

They served in the Prussian navy, the navy of the North German Confederation, the Imperial German Navy and briefly in the modern Federal German Navy, the Bundesmarine.

Marsupials spread westward into modern North America ( still attached to Eurasia ) and then to South America, which was connected to North America until around 65 mya.