The term atomic physics is often associated with nuclear power and nuclear bombs, due to the synonymous use of atomic and nuclear in standard English.

However, physicists distinguish between atomic physics — which deals with the atom as a system consisting of a nucleus and electrons — and nuclear physics, which considers atomic nuclei alone.

The barn is commonly used in describing the cross sectional area of interaction in nuclear physics.

The theory is also used in nuclear physics to describe the pairing interaction between nucleons in an atomic nucleus.

Theoretical condensed matter physics shares important concepts and techniques with theoretical particle and nuclear physics.

Once the electronic and nuclear variables are separated ( within the Born – Oppenheimer representation ), in the time-dependent approach, the wave packet corresponding to the nuclear degrees of freedom is propagated via the time evolution operator ( physics ) associated to the time-dependent Schrödinger equation ( for the full molecular Hamiltonian ).

In the same novel Egan describes lifeforms in the 6-D ' macrosphere ' which use a collapsed atom chemistry with energetic processes of the same order as nuclear reactions, due to the peculiarities of higher dimensional physics.

In nuclear and particle physics, the concept of a cross section is used to express the likelihood of interaction between particles.

In nuclear physics, it is convenient to express the probability of a particular event by a cross section.

In nuclear physics, a single stray neutron can result in an prompt critical event, which may be finally be energetic enough for a nuclear reactor meltdown or ( in a bomb ) a nuclear explosion.

Like the elementary charge on which it is based, it is not an independent quantity but is equal to ( 1 J / C )( 2 h α / μ < sub > 0 </ sub > c < sub > 0 </ sub >)< sup > 0. 5 </ sup > It is a common unit of energy within physics, widely used in solid state, atomic, nuclear, and particle physics.

Enrico Fermi (; 29 September 1901 – 28 November 1954 ) was an Italian physicist, naturalized American later in his life, particularly known for his work on the development of the first nuclear reactor, Chicago Pile-1, and for his contributions to the development of quantum theory, nuclear and particle physics, and statistical mechanics.

His abilities as a great scientist, combining theoretical and applied nuclear physics, were acknowledged by all.

Bohr grabbed him by the shoulder and said: “ Young man, let me explain to you about something new and exciting in physics .” It was clear to a number of scientists at Columbia that they should try to detect the energy released in the nuclear fission of uranium from neutron bombardment.

Later, his lecture notes, especially those for quantum mechanics, nuclear physics, and thermodynamics, were transcribed into books which are still in print.

Military commanders did not understand the physics involved in a nuclear explosion.

These results refined Ernest Rutherford's and Antonius Van den Broek's model, which proposed that the atom contains in its nucleus a number of positive nuclear charges that is equal to its ( atomic ) number in the periodic table.

The protons and neutrons, in turn, are held to each other in the nucleus by the nuclear force, which is a residuum of the strong force that has somewhat different range-properties ( see the article on the nuclear force for more ).

Later studies linked this phenomenon to the release of AIF ( apoptosis inducing factor ) from the mitochondria and its translocation into the nucleus mediated by its NLS ( nuclear localization signal ).

The main structures making up the nucleus are the nuclear envelope, a double membrane that encloses the entire organelle and unifies its contents from the cellular cytoplasm, and the nucleoskeleton ( which includes nuclear lamina ), a meshwork within the nucleus that adds mechanical support, much like the cytoskeleton, which supports the cell as a whole.

She was created using the technique of somatic cell nuclear transfer, where the cell nucleus from an adult cell is transferred into an unfertilised oocyte ( developing egg cell ) that has had its nucleus removed.

On the most basic level, electronegativity is determined by factors like the nuclear charge ( the more protons an atom has, the more " pull " it will have on negative electrons ) and the number / location of other electrons present in the atomic shells ( the more electrons an atom has, the farther from the nucleus the valence electrons will be, and as a result the less positive charge they will experience — both because of their increased distance from the nucleus, and because the other electrons in the lower energy core orbitals will act to shield the valence electrons from the positively charged nucleus ).

The nuclear envelope is a membrane containing two layers, that encompasses the contents of the nucleus.

Diagram of the nucleus with the nuclear envelope shown as the orange portion.

The nuclear envelope surrounds the nucleus, separating its contents from the cytoplasm.

This network is organized into lining similar to mesh called the nuclear lamina, which binds to chromatin, integral membrane proteins, and other nuclear components along the inner surface of the nucleus.

The nuclear lamina is thought to help materials inside the nucleus reach the nuclear pores and in the disintegration of the nuclear envelope during mitosis and its reassembly at the end of the process.

The nuclear pores are highly efficient at selectively allowing the passage of materials to and from the nucleus, because the nuclear envelope has a considerable amount of traffic.

Work is under way to see whether new restraining devices should be installed on all nuclear weapons.

Only the President is permitted to authorize the use of nuclear weapons.

But far from being concerned about whether or not Russia will have achieved Utopia by 1980, the world is watching Moscow today primarily for clues as to whether or not there will be nuclear Armageddon in the immediate future.

For the first time in history the entire world is dominated by two large, powerful nations armed with murderous nuclear weapons that make conventional warfare of the past a nullity.

It is quite evident that the people of Western Europe are overwhelmingly opposed to participation in a nuclear war.

The fact is that the Italians, French and British know that they have no defense against nuclear bombs.

I am referring to this country conducting atmosphere tests of nuclear bombs just because Russia is.

As I see it, if war starts and we survive the initial attack enough to be able to fight back, the nuclear weapons we now have -- at least the bombs -- can inflict all the demage that is necessary.

The nuclear war is already being fought, except that the bombs are not being dropped on enemy targets -- not yet.

Khrushchev himself is reported to be concerned by the surge of animosity he has aroused, yet our own nuclear statesmen seem intent on following compulsively in his footsteps.

Until Moscow resumed nuclear testing last September 1, the US and UK had released more than twice as much radiation into the atmosphere as the Russians, and the fallout from the earlier blasts is still coming down.

Now, of course, that the Russians are the nuclear villains, radiation is a nastier word than it was in the mid, when the US was testing in the atmosphere.

The possibility, as he asserted, that the Russians may get ahead of us or come closer to us because of their tests does not supply the needed ethical premise -- unless, of course, we have unwittingly become so brutalized that nuclear superiority is now taken as a moral demand.

Besides the lack of an adequate ethical dimension to the Governor's case, one can ask seriously whether our lead over the Russians in quality and quantity of nuclear weapons is so slight as to make the tests absolutely necessary.

The Strategic Air Command is the principal element of our long-range nuclear capability.

However, because this vulnerability is mutual, it is to the advantage of neither side to destroy the opponent's cities, at least so long as the opponent has nuclear weapons with which to effect reprisal.

It seems reasonable that if general nuclear war is not to be one cataclysmic act of burning each other's citizens to cinders, we must have a manned strategic force of long-endurance aircraft capable of going into China or Russia to find and destroy their strategic forces which continued to threaten us.

But remember this -- it isn't the aircraft which is vulnerable to nuclear rockets, it is the airfield.

It is our lack of extreme accuracy which forces the use of very large yield nuclear weapons.

Af is paramagnetic, and electron paramagnetic dipole as well as nuclear dipole effects lead to line broadening.

It is important to consider and experimentally verify this influence since quantitative nuclear resonance is becoming increasingly used in investigations of structure.

Indeed it is possible to separate electron paramagnetic from nuclear effects.