In chemistry, an alcohol is an organic compound in which the hydroxyl functional group (- OH ) is bound to a carbon atom.

The circle symbol for aromaticity was introduced by Sir Robert Robinson and his student James Armit in 1925 and popularized starting in 1959 by the Morrison & Boyd textbook on organic chemistry.

In organic chemistry, compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen are divided into two classes: aromatic compounds, which contain benzene or similar rings of atoms, and aliphatic compounds (; G. aleiphar, fat, oil ), which do not contain those rings.

* Ad, an abbreviation in organic chemistry for Adamantyl

During this period significant analytical contributions to chemistry include the development of systematic elemental analysis by Justus von Liebig and systematized organic analysis based on the specific reactions of functional groups.

Starting in approximately the 1970s into the present day analytical chemistry has progressively become more inclusive of biological questions ( bioanalytical chemistry ), whereas it had previously been largely focused on inorganic or small organic molecules.

In organic chemistry, an alkene, olefin, or olefine is an unsaturated chemical compound containing at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond.

The later discovery of Friedrich Wöhler that many natural substances, organic compounds, can indeed be synthesized in a chemistry laboratory also helped the modern chemistry to mature from its infancy.

Fields of specialization include biochemistry, nuclear chemistry, organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, polymer chemistry, analytical chemistry, theoretical chemistry, quantum chemistry, environmental chemistry, and physical chemistry.

Biochemistry and organic chemistry are closely related, for example, in medicinal chemistry.

The distinction between organic and inorganic disciplines is not absolute and there is much overlap, most importantly in the sub-discipline of organometallic chemistry.

* Organic chemistry is the study of the structure, properties, composition, mechanisms, and chemical reaction of organic compounds.

* Cracking ( chemistry ), the decomposition of complex organic molecules into smaller ones

The name may also mean an ester of carbonic acid, an organic compound containing the carbonate group C (= O )( O –)< sub > 2 </ sub >.

While draining, water and organic acid from the soil slowly ( over thousands or millions of years ) enlarges these cracks, dissolving the calcium carbonate and carrying it away in solution.

Pearl, considered by some to be a mineral because of the presence of calcium carbonate crystals within its structure, would be better considered a mineraloid because the crystals are bonded by an organic material, and there is no definite proportion of the components.

* Propylene carbonate, a polar organic solvent

The mantle of the mollusk deposits layers of calcium carbonate ( CaCO < sub > 3 </ sub >) in the form of the mineral aragonite or a mixture of aragonite and calcite ( polymorphs with the same chemical formula, but different crystal structures ) held together by an organic horn-like compound called conchiolin.

The presence of columnar calcium carbonate rich in organic material indicates juvenile mantle tissue that formed during the early stage of pearl development.

A variety of zinc compounds are commonly used, such as zinc carbonate and zinc gluconate ( as dietary supplements ), zinc chloride ( in deodorants ), zinc pyrithione ( anti-dandruff shampoos ), zinc sulfide ( in luminescent paints ), and zinc methyl or zinc diethyl in the organic laboratory.

Soil is said to be formed when organic matter has accumulated, and colloids washed downward, leaving deposits of clay, humus, iron oxide, carbonate, and gypsum.

Shellac is soluble in alkaline solutions such as ammonia, sodium borate, sodium carbonate, and sodium hydroxide, and also in various organic solvents.

Chemical state analysis of the surface of polymers readily reveals the presence or absence of the chemical states of carbon known as: carbide ( C < sup > 2 -</ sup >), hydrocarbon ( C-C ), alcohol ( C-OH ), ketone ( C = O ), organic ester ( COOR ), carbonate ( CO < sub > 3 </ sub >), fluoro-hydrocarbon ( CF < sub > 2 </ sub >- CH < sub > 2 </ sub >), trifluorocarbon ( CF < sub > 3 </ sub >).

This takes place when rain combines with carbon dioxide or an organic acid to form a weak carbonic acid which reacts with calcium carbonate ( the limestone ) and forms calcium bicarbonate.

* Carbonates are composed of various carbonate minerals ( most often calcium carbonate ( CaCO < sub > 3 </ sub >)) precipitated by a variety of organic and inorganic processes.

Treatment with sodium carbonate ( Na < sub > 2 </ sub > CO < sub > 3 </ sub >) detaches peripheral membrane proteins, whereas treatment with detergents and organic solvents solubilizes integral membrane proteins.

Carbon reaching the deep ocean by these means is either organic carbon or particulate inorganic carbon such as calcium carbonate ( CaCO < sub > 3 </ sub >).

This may then have a " knock-on " effect on the soft tissues pump because calcium carbonate acts to ballast sinking organic material.

The dibutyl hydrogen phosphate can make the system behave in a more complex manner as it tends to extract metals by an ion exchange mechanism ( extraction favoured by low acid concentration ), to reduce the effect of the dibutyl hydrogen phosphate it is common for the used organic phase to be washed with sodium carbonate solution to remove the acidic degradation products of the tributyl phosphate.

Popular choices of tether contain a carbonate ester, boronic ester, silyl ether, or a silyl acetal link ( silicon tethers ) which are fairly inert in many organic reactions yet can be cleaved by specific reagents.

Perhaps these heterotrophic microbes, which produce CO2 as a waste product of respiration and maybe organic acids, help to dissolve the carbonate as well.

The ions necessary to form calcium carbonate are also secreted by the mantle, but it is the tailored environment created by the organic matrix which causes aragonite ( rather than calcite ) crystals to nucleate, in much the same way that collagen nucleates hydroxyapatite crystals.

In order to recover the catalyst, an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution or sodium carbonate is added to the organic phase.

In terms of taxonomic distribution, the most common biominerals are the phosphate and carbonate salts of calcium that are used in conjunction with organic polymers such as collagen and chitin to give structural support to bones and shells.

Molluscan shells consist of 95 – 99 % calcium carbonate by weight, while an organic component makes up the remaining 1 – 5 %.

They probably start life as amorphous calcium carbonate, which the organic matrix coaxes into an aragonitic habit as the spines mature.

Thus, for aqueous media, we can think of the idealized organic active as an oleophilic or hydrophobic surface-active agent, and of an idealized builder as a oleophobic or hydrophilic surface-active agent.

The term " android " can mean either one of these, while a cyborg (" cybernetic organism " or " bionic man ") would be a creature that is a combination of organic and mechanical parts.

Amide can also refer to the conjugate base of ammonia ( the anion H < sub > 2 </ sub > N < sup >–</ sup >) or of an organic amine ( an anion R < sub > 2 </ sub > N < sup >–</ sup >).

Similarly, coral, petrified wood and other organic remains or porous rocks can also become agatized.

Psychosis, confusion, and organic brain syndrome may be caused by alcohol misuse, which can lead to a misdiagnosis such as schizophrenia.

Then, in 1828, Friedrich Wöhler published a paper on the synthesis of urea, proving that organic compounds can be created artificially.

Experiments have shown that two fungal strains ( Aspergillus niger, Penicillium simplicissimum ) were able to mobilize Cu and Sn by 65 %, and Al, Ni, Pb, and Zn by more than 95 %. Aspergillus niger can produce some organic acids such as citric acid.

Small molecules are typically manufactured through traditional organic synthesis, and many can be taken orally.

Even minor pollution such as dropping organic material can have a dramatic effect on the cave biota.

Whereas transition metals sometimes attract most of the attention in the study of catalysis, small organic molecules without metals can also exhibit catalytic properties, as is apparent from the fact that many enzymes lack transition metals.

Compost can be tilled directly into the soil or growing medium to boost the level of organic matter and the overall fertility of the soil.

Due in part to the climatic conditions of these regions ( e. g. cooler temperatures and semi-arid to arid conditions ), these soils can accumulate significant quantities of organic matter.

In organic chemistry, in addition to oxidation, reduction or acid-base reactions, a number of other reactions can take place which involve covalent bonds between carbon atoms or carbon and heteroatoms ( such as oxygen, nitrogen, halogens, etc .).

Carbamazepine can enter the environment through discharge of wastewater, and has also been shown to persist and accumulate in the organic components of soil and sludge.

There are also organic ligands such as alkenes whose pi bonds can coordinate to empty metal orbitals.

DDT is a persistent organic pollutant that is readily adsorbed to soils and sediments, which can act both as sinks and as long-term sources of exposure contributing to terrestrial organisms.

By breaking down dead organic matter, decomposers release carbon back to the atmosphere and facilitate nutrient cycling by converting nutrients stored in dead biomass back to a form that can be readily used by plants and other microbes.

The working fluid can be a gas as in a Stirling engine, or steam as in a steam engine or an organic liquid such as n-pentane in an Organic Rankine cycle.

Manufacturing inputs can also be organic compounds or hazardous materials that require special handing due to risks ( such as carcinogens ).

To him also is due the isolation of the elements yttrium, beryllium, and titanium, the observation that " silicium " ( silicon ) can be obtained in crystals, and that some meteoric stones contain organic matter.

The functional group added can be subjected to ordinary synthesis methods to attach virtually any kind of organic compound onto the surface.

If this happens rapidly before significant decay to the organic tissue, very fine three-dimensional morphological detail can be preserved.

Excited organic molecules can also relax via conversion to a triplet state, which may subsequently relax via phosphorescence or by a secondary non-radiative relaxation step.