Connes has applied his work in areas of mathematics and theoretical physics, including number theory, differential geometry and particle physics.

The standard model of particle physics was developed that so far has successfully explained the properties of the nucleus in terms of these sub-atomic particles and the forces that govern their interactions.

In particle physics, antimatter is material composed of antiparticles, which have the same mass as particles of ordinary matter but have opposite charge and quantum spin.

After 1965 Sakharov returned to fundamental science and began working on particle physics and cosmology.

) In the field of particle physics, " shmoo " refers to a high energy survey instrument, as utilized at the Los Alamos National Laboratory to capture subatomic cosmic ray particles emitted from the Cygnus X-3 constellation.

Because of its low density and atomic mass, beryllium is relatively transparent to X-rays and other forms of ionizing radiation ; therefore, it is the most common window material for X-ray equipment and in particle physics experiments.

After about 10 < sup >− 11 </ sup > seconds, the picture becomes less speculative, since particle energies drop to values that can be attained in particle physics experiments.

Dark energy in its simplest formulation takes the form of the cosmological constant term in Einstein's field equations of general relativity, but its composition and mechanism are unknown and, more generally, the details of its equation of state and relationship with the Standard Model of particle physics continue to be investigated both observationally and theoretically.

Precise modern models of the Big Bang appeal to various exotic physical phenomena that have not been observed in terrestrial laboratory experiments or incorporated into the Standard Model of particle physics.

The particle physics community as a whole did not view their existence as likely in 2006 ,< ref name = PDGPentaquarks2006 > W .- M. Yao et al.

Within the prevailing Standard Model of particle physics, the number of baryons may change in multiples of three due to the action of sphalerons, although this is rare and has not been observed under experiment.

Some grand unified theories of particle physics also predict that a single proton can decay, changing the baryon number by one ; however, this has not yet been observed under experiment.

Areas relevant to cosmology include particle physics experiments and theory, including astrophysics, general relativity, and plasma physics.

One is that there is no compelling reason, using current particle physics, to expect the universe to be flat, homogeneous and isotropic ( see the cosmological principle ).

Moreover, grand unified theories of particle physics suggest that there should be magnetic monopoles in the universe, which have not been found.

The physical model behind cosmic inflation is extremely simple, however it has not yet been confirmed by particle physics, and there are difficult problems reconciling inflation and quantum field theory.

The theory of baryogenesis was worked out by Andrei Sakharov in 1967, and requires a violation of the particle physics symmetry, called CP-symmetry, between matter and antimatter.

Both the problems of baryogenesis and cosmic inflation are very closely related to particle physics, and their resolution might come from high energy theory and experiment, rather than through observations of the universe.

Dark matter has never been detected in the laboratory, and the particle physics nature of dark matter remains completely unknown.

While the detailed particle physics mechanism responsible for inflation is not known, the basic picture makes a number of predictions that have been confirmed by observation.

Theoretical condensed matter physics shares important concepts and techniques with theoretical particle and nuclear physics.

Such a linear combination of the Higgsino, bino and wino makes up the lightest supersymmetric particle ( LSP ), which is a particle physics candidate for the dark matter of the universe.

When a symbol is not marked by any of the three grammar symbols ( square, cone, inverted cone ), they may be a non material thing, a grammatical particle, etc.

* The symbol of the Krumbein phi scale for the size of a particle or sediment

* Pt is the symbol, in Particle physics formulae, for the transverse momentum ( the momentum that is perpendicular to the beamline of a particle detector )

The team at the University of California suggested the name lawrencium ( after Ernest O. Lawrence, the inventor of cyclotron particle accelerator ) and the symbol " Lw ", for the new element, but " Lw " was not adopted, and " Lr " was officially accepted instead.

In atomic and nuclear physics, the symbol μ represents the magnitude of the magnetic moment, often measured in Bohr magnetons or nuclear magnetons, associated with the intrinsic spin of the particle and / or with the orbital motion of the particle in a system.

< small >( The symbol q means a quark particle, W and Z are the vector bosons of the electroweak interaction.

In physics, the gyromagnetic ratio ( also sometimes known as the magnetogyric ratio in other disciplines ) of a particle or system is the ratio of its magnetic dipole moment to its angular momentum, and it is often denoted by the symbol γ, gamma.

Charm ( symbol C ) is a flavour quantum number representing the difference between the number of charm quarks () and charm antiquarks () that are present in a particle:

In physics, bottomness ( symbol B ′) also called beauty, is a flavour quantum number reflecting the difference between the number of bottom antiquarks ( n < sub ></ sub >) and the number of bottom quarks ( n < sub ></ sub >) that are present in a particle:

In a compressible sound transmission medium-mainly air-air particles get an accelerated motion: the particle acceleration or sound acceleration with the symbol a in metre / second².

* antiproton, a fundamental particle, its symbol is, " p-bar "

This is a theoretically complicated dipole interaction which causes any extremely small uncharged particle to agglomerate with other small uncharged particles, or to stick to an uncharged surface.

The calibration of piezoelectric sensors in terms of the particle parameters is very uncertain.

This `` ejection '' momentum is linearly related to the particle energy.

The relationship between particle size and infectious dose is illustrated in Table 1.

A consequence of using waveforms to describe particles is that it is mathematically impossible to obtain precise values for both the position and momentum of a particle at the same time ; this became known as the uncertainty principle, formulated by Werner Heisenberg in 1926.

Though the word atom originally denoted a particle that cannot be cut into smaller particles, in modern scientific usage the atom is composed of various subatomic particles.

In quantum mechanics, where all particle momenta are associated with waves, it is the formation of such a wave packet which localizes the wave, and thus the particle, in space.

In states where a quantum mechanical particle is bound, it must be localized as a wave packet, and the existence of the packet and its minimum size implies a spread and minimal value in particle wavelength, and thus also momentum and energy.

In quantum mechanics, as a particle is localized to a smaller region in space, the associated compressed wave packet requires a larger and larger range of momenta, and thus larger kinetic energy.

An equivalent definition is the radius of an unperturbed circular Newtonian orbit about the Sun of a particle having infinitesimal mass, moving with an angular frequency of radians per day ; or that length such that, when used to describe the positions of the objects in the Solar System, the heliocentric gravitational constant ( the product GM < sub >☉</ sub >) is equal to ()< sup > 2 </ sup > AU < sup > 3 </ sup >/ d < sup > 2 </ sup >.

Alpha decay is a type of radioactive decay in which an atomic nucleus emits an alpha particle ( two protons and two neutrons ) and thereby transforms ( or ' decays ') into an atom with a mass number 4 less and atomic number 2 less.

Because an alpha particle is the same as a helium-4 nucleus, which has mass number 4 and atomic number 2, this can also be written as:

The alpha particle also has a charge + 2, but the charge is usually not written in nuclear equations, which describe nuclear reactions without considering the electrons.

Alpha decay is the most likely cluster decay because of the combined extremely high binding energy and relatively small mass of the helium-4 product nucleus ( the alpha particle ).

The alpha particle is trapped in a potential well by the nucleus.

The higher value for alpha radiation is generally attributable to the high linear energy transfer ( LET ) coefficient, which is about one ionization of a chemical bond for every angstrom of travel by the alpha particle.

Particle-antiparticle pairs can annihilate each other, producing photons ; since the charges of the particle and antiparticle are opposite, total charge is conserved.

Because charge is conserved, it is not possible to create an antiparticle without either destroying a particle of the same charge ( as in beta decay ) or creating a particle of the opposite charge.