In addition to the named cardinals, the pope may name secret cardinals or cardinals in pectore ( Latin for in the breast ).

In this position he became known as one of the most influential men at the Vatican, though his position was of too low rank for him to be named a cardinal ; there was unfounded speculation that he was one of the two men named secretly ( in pectore ) as cardinals in the consistory of 1998.

Kung was secretly named a Cardinal ( in pectore ) in the consistory of 1979 by Pope John Paul II, while serving a life sentence for counter-revolutionary activities.

On December 4, 1916, Bertram was created a cardinal, but only in pectore, for fear of provoking a negative reaction against the Church on the part of the Allies, especially from the Italian side.

There is even strong evidence that he was made a cardinal in pectore (“ in the breast ”) in 1826.

23 March 2011 < http :// www. oxfordreference. com / views / ENTRY. html? subview = Main & entry = t99. e274 ></ ref > Benedict XIV, Gregory XVI and Pius IX, were originally created as cardinals in pectore but all were published quite soon afterward.

Neither Pius XI nor Pope Pius XII made any other in pectore appointments, either in European countries affected by the possibility of Marxist revolutions and / or World War II or in any other countries.

A cardinal named in pectore is known only to the pope ; not even the cardinal so named is necessarily aware of his elevation, and in any event cannot function as a cardinal while his appointment is in pectore.

Among areas where it is believed that in pectore cardinals, whose names were not later revealed, were named include the People's Republic of China and, before the fall of the Soviet Union and collapse of the Iron Curtain, in central and Eastern Europe.

Historians have always speculated about who unpublished in pectore cardinals were, and it is generally believed that this first unpublished in pectore cardinal was Daniele Matteo Alvise Barbaro, whose appointment as a cardinal would have upset the English monarchy and caused hostilities unwanted by the pope.

Other than its religious meaning and origin, nowadays in pectore is basically used to refer to either something kept hidden or unrevealed or an expected, but still not official, appointment to an office ( especially in politics ).

Until 1991, his membership in the College of Cardinals was kept secret, or in pectore ; this is a formula that has been used when the pope wants to name a cardinal in a country where the Church is oppressed, to protect the safety of the cardinal and his congregation.

Although in pectore appointments were not uncommon in the 17th century, all such appointments were published soon after being made until 1699, when Pope Innocent XII reserved two cardinals that were never published.

As anti-Catholic hostility among various governments became common, in pectore appointments became much more common during the late 18th and 19th centuries.

Whereas before 1777 all expirations of in pectore appointments had occurred because the pope making them died soon after, on June 23 of that year Pope Pius VI created two cardinals in pectore and never revealed their names in the remaining 22 years of his papacy.

Pope Pius VII created eleven cardinals in pectore ; despite the anti-Church hostility of the French Revolution, all of them were eventually published, as were Pope Leo XII's three in pectore appointments.

The outbreak of major revolutions in Europe during the late 1820s, however, caused the proportion of in pectore appointments to all cardinal appointments to rise dramatically: Pope Pius VIII created fourteen cardinals, but only six of them were ever published, whilst Pope Gregory XVI created as many as twenty-nine cardinals ( out of a total of eighty-one ) in pectore ( of which six were unpublished ).

After the Revolutions of 1848 subsided, in pectore appointments declined.

Pius IX made only five such appointments out of 123 cardinals ( all published within four years of creation ), whilst Pope Leo XIII named only seven cardinals ( out of 147 ) in pectore, of whom all were subsequently revealed.

With the threat of Communism lingering over Eastern Europe and other parts of the globe, Pope John XXIII made three in pectore appointments on 28 March 1960 and never published them, creating the only other case of such an appointment expiring during the twentieth century.

Pope Paul VI made three in pectore appointments but eventually published all of them, including one ( Iuliu Hossu ) who died before his appointment was published ; the other two were Štěpán Trochta ( made cardinal 1969, published 1973, died 1974 ) and František Tomášek ( made cardinal 1976, published 1977, died 1992 ).

With the consistory of February 21, 1998, Jaworski was created Cardinal by John Paul II in pectore, one of four such secret cardinal appointments made by the pontiff during his tenure ; Jaworski's cardinalate was publicly proclaimed at the consistory of February 21, 2001.

On 24 May 1976 Pope Paul VI anonymously ( in pectore ) appointed Tomášek to the College of Cardinals.

Cardinals appointed in pectore are not necessarily informed of their status.

He was created a cardinal in pectore on 22 December 1536 by Pope Paul III ( at the same time as Reginald Pole ), which was published ( i. e., publicly announced ) only on 13 March 1538, at which time he was able to assume that office.

On 21 February 1998 he was made a Cardinal in pectore by Pope John Paul II ; his cardinalate was not publicly revealed until the consistory of 21 February 2001.

In pectore cardinals are eligible to participate in papal conclaves only if they are publicly named by the Pope before his death.

The only in pectore appointment by Pope Pius X, António Mendes Belo, was due to the revolution in Portugal in 1910 and was revealed shortly before Pius died.

World War I similarly produced an in pectore cardinal, appointed in 1916 by Benedict XV: Adolf Bertram, who was published after the war ended and who became a vigorous opponent of Nazism.

He was appointed Cardinal-Priest of the Titulus S. Chrysogoni by Pope John Paul II on February 21, 1998, and was, following the death of Cardinal Ignatius Kung in 2000, and then Cardinal John Wu in 2002, and before the elevation of Cardinal Joseph Zen, the only known living Chinese Cardinal ( a Cardinal appointed in pectore by Pope John Paul II in 2003 was rumored to reside in mainland China, but that appointment expired with the Pontiff's death since the Cardinal's name was never published ).

Beginning with the reign of Pope Martin V, cardinals were created without publishing their names until later, termed creati et reservati in pectore.

Of the 232 cardinals that Pope John Paul II elevated, four were named in pectore.

On 20 December 1538 Pope Paul III named him a cardinal in pectore and Bembo returned to Rome.

As he preferred to stay with his people, the Pope ordained him Cardinal only " in pectore ", i. e. without publishing the fact, which he revealed only on March 5, 1973, three years after Bishop Hossu's death.

The first pope to appoint a cardinal in pectore was Pope Paul III, when he named Girolamo Aleandro in this fashion on December 22, 1536, presumably because Aleandro's life would have been in danger if he were publicly named a cardinal.

The first Pope to create a cardinal in pectore without later publishing his name was Pope Pius IV, on February 26, 1561.

This trend continued until April 26, 1773, when Pope Clement XIV created as many as eleven cardinals in pectore but none were published.

( Pope Paul VI appointed Joseph Trinh-nhu-Khuê in pectore in the 28 April 1976 announcement of an upcoming consistory, but published that appointment when the consistory was held on the following 24 May.

Girolamo Aleandro ( also Hieronymus or Jerome Aleander ) ( 13 February 1480 – 1 February 1542 ) was an Italian cardinal, and the first cardinal appointed in pectore.

( Another in pectore cardinal was also appointed in 1916 and was never published.

The cardinal in question then ranks in precedence with those raised to the cardinalate at the time of his in pectore appointment.

If a pope dies before revealing the identity of an in pectore cardinal, the cardinalate expires.

On 20 December 1632 his cardinal nomination was declared in public ; pope Urban VIII signed the nomination on October 19, 1629 but in secret ( in pectore tacite ), and after revealing the information he granted Jan Albert the presbyterian title of Sanctae Marie in Aquiro.

He was created cardinal on 19 January 1626, but in pectore ; the appointment remained unproclaimed until 30 August 1627.