The conventional symbol Z comes from the German word meaning number / numeral / figure, which prior to the modern synthesis of ideas from chemistry and physics, merely denoted an element's numerical place in the periodic table.

In physics, the dyne ( symbol " dyn ", from Greek δύναμις ( dynamis ) meaning power, force ) is a unit of force specified in the centimetre-gram-second ( CGS ) system of units, a predecessor of the modern SI.

In physics, the electron volt ( symbol eV ; also written electronvolt ) is a unit of energy equal to approximately joule ( symbol J ).

In physics, a photon is usually denoted by the symbol γ ( the Greek letter gamma ).

In introductory physics textbooks, the standard basis vectors are often instead denoted ( or, in which the hat symbol ^ typically denotes unit vectors ).

In physics, and electronics, the henry ( symbol H ) is the SI derived unit of inductance.

Robert Hofstadter coined the term fermi ( unit ), symbol fm, in honor of the Italian physicist Enrico Fermi ( 1901 – 1954 ), one of the founders of nuclear physics, in Hofstadter's 1956 paper published in the Reviews of Modern Physics journal, " Electron Scattering and Nuclear Structure ".

in this article, the symbol ζ is used when the reference zero is the bottom of the conduction band, as in metal physics.

* α, a symbol for angular acceleration in physics

* α, a symbol for the fine-structure constant in physics

* Pt is the symbol, in Particle physics formulae, for the transverse momentum ( the momentum that is perpendicular to the beamline of a particle detector )

In 1992, the IUPAC Trans-fermium Working Group officially recognized element 103, confirmed its naming as lawrencium, with symbol " Lr ", and named the nuclear physics teams at Dubna and Berkeley as the co-discoverers of lawrencium.

**" current ": ( for " alternating current "); less commonly, ( for " direct current "); or even ( the symbol used in physics and electronics )

The people of Athens is a symbol not less than the Doric temple, the Englishman not less than modern physics.

In atomic and nuclear physics, the symbol μ represents the magnitude of the magnetic moment, often measured in Bohr magnetons or nuclear magnetons, associated with the intrinsic spin of the particle and / or with the orbital motion of the particle in a system.

Winn feels that, as the Bajoran civilization sees in it a religious symbol ( the " Temple of the Prophets "), the Bajoran children should be taught this theory in preference to Starfleet physics and astrobiology.

In particle physics, a Higgsino, symbol, is the hypothetical superpartner of the Higgs boson, as predicted by supersymmetry.

In physics, the Lamb shift, named after Willis Lamb ( 1913 – 2008 ), is a small difference in energy between two energy levels and ( in term symbol notation ) of the hydrogen atom in quantum electrodynamics ( QED ).

In physics, the gyromagnetic ratio ( also sometimes known as the magnetogyric ratio in other disciplines ) of a particle or system is the ratio of its magnetic dipole moment to its angular momentum, and it is often denoted by the symbol γ, gamma.

* Specific heat capacity, in physics, a substance's heat capacity per unit mass, usually denoted by the symbol c or s

In physics, bottomness ( symbol B ′) also called beauty, is a flavour quantum number reflecting the difference between the number of bottom antiquarks ( n < sub ></ sub >) and the number of bottom quarks ( n < sub ></ sub >) that are present in a particle:

In atomic physics, Hund's rules refer to a set of rules formulated by German physicist Friedrich Hund around 1927, which are used to determine the term symbol that corresponds to the ground state of a multi-electron atom.

In acoustics or physics, acceleration ( symbol: a ) is defined as the rate of change ( or time derivative ) of velocity.

Another possibility, raised in an essay by the Swedish fantasy writer and editor Rickard Berghorn, is that the name Alhazred was influenced by references to two historical authors whose names were Latinized as Alhazen: Alhazen ben Josef, who translated Ptolemy into Arabic ; and Abu ' Ali al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham, who wrote about optics, mathematics and physics.

Because of its low density and atomic mass, beryllium is relatively transparent to X-rays and other forms of ionizing radiation ; therefore, it is the most common window material for X-ray equipment and in particle physics experiments.

In the 1920s and 1930s almost every major cosmologist preferred an eternal steady state Universe, and several complained that the beginning of time implied by the Big Bang imported religious concepts into physics ; this objection was later repeated by supporters of the steady state theory.

Some grand unified theories of particle physics also predict that a single proton can decay, changing the baryon number by one ; however, this has not yet been observed under experiment.

Some of these constructs, such as space and time, correspond to the way the world is structured by the laws of physics ; for others the correspondence is not as clear.

On November 29, 1921, the trustees declared it to be the express policy of the Institute to pursue scientific research of the greatest importance and at the same time " to continue to conduct thorough courses in engineering and pure science, basing the work of these courses on exceptionally strong instruction in the fundamental sciences of mathematics, physics, and chemistry ; broadening and enriching the curriculum by a liberal amount of instruction in such subjects as English, history, and economics ; and vitalizing all the work of the Institute by the infusion in generous measure of the spirit of research.

" His most-important fourth, " the principle of causality " is based on the " finite velocity of propagation of effects and signals ; contemporary physics rejects the possibility of instantaneous action at a distance.

A number of groups have suggested that this could be the signature of new physics at the greatest observable scales ; other groups suspect systematic errors in the data.

In modern theoretical physics, the Casimir effect plays an important role in the chiral bag model of the nucleon ; and in applied physics, it is significant in some aspects of emerging microtechnologies and nanotechnologies.

In Personal Knowledge, Michael Polanyi argues for the epistemological relevance of knowledge how and knowledge that ; using the example of the act of balance involved in riding a bicycle, he suggests that the theoretical knowledge of the physics involved in maintaining a state of balance cannot substitute for the practical knowledge of how to ride, and that it is important to understand how both are established and grounded.

* http :// physics. nist. gov / cuu / Constants physical constants reference ; CODATA data

Although several versions of many-worlds have been proposed since Hugh Everett's original work, they all contain one key idea: the equations of physics that model the time evolution of systems without embedded observers are sufficient for modelling systems which do contain observers ; in particular there is no observation-triggered wave function collapse which the Copenhagen interpretation proposes.

Explorer satellites have made important discoveries: Earth's magnetosphere and the shape of its gravity field ; the solar wind ; properties of micrometeoroids raining down on the Earth ; much about ultraviolet, cosmic, and X-rays from the solar system and universe beyond ; ionospheric physics ; Solar plasma ; solar energetic particles ; and atmospheric physics.

`` A person with a master's degree in physics, chemistry, math or English, yet who has not taken Education courses, is not permitted to teach in the public schools '', said Grover.

In chemistry and physics, the atomic number ( also known as the proton number ) is the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom and therefore identical to the charge number of the nucleus.

Atomic physics is the field of physics that studies atoms as an isolated system of electrons and an atomic nucleus.

The term atomic physics is often associated with nuclear power and nuclear bombs, due to the synonymous use of atomic and nuclear in standard English.

As with many scientific fields, strict delineation can be highly contrived and atomic physics is often considered in the wider context of atomic, molecular, and optical physics.

It is not concerned with the formation of molecules ( although much of the physics is identical ), nor does it examine atoms in a solid state as condensed matter.

and atomic physics is no exception.

The true beginning of atomic physics is marked by the discovery of spectral lines and attempts to describe the phenomenon, most notably by Joseph von Fraunhofer.

In our current understanding of physics, the Bohr model is called a semi-classical model because of its quantization of angular momentum, not primarily because of its relationship with electron wavelength, which appeared in hindsight a dozen years after the Bohr model was proposed.

The barn is commonly used in describing the cross sectional area of interaction in nuclear physics.

In particle physics, antimatter is material composed of antiparticles, which have the same mass as particles of ordinary matter but have opposite charge and quantum spin.

At this time, the apparent asymmetry of matter and antimatter in the visible universe is one of the greatest unsolved problems in physics.

RWTH Aachen University, established as Polytechnicum in 1870, is one of the Germany's Universities of Excellence with strong emphasis on technological research, especially for electrical and mechanical engineering, computer sciences, physics, and chemistry.

It is both an extended discussion ( and polemic ) on Stoic physics, and an exposition of Aristotelian thought on this theme.

A Fire Upon the Deep is a science fiction novel by American writer Vernor Vinge, a space opera involving superhuman intelligences, aliens, variable physics, space battles, love, betrayal, genocide, and a conversation medium resembling Usenet.

Furthermore, there is no proposed mechanism of action by which the positions and motions of stars and planets could affect people and events on Earth that does not contradict well understood, basic aspects of biology and physics.

Analytic geometry is widely used in physics and engineering, and is the foundation of most modern fields of geometry, including algebraic, differential, discrete, and computational geometry.

In physics and optics, the Abbe number, also known as the V-number or constringence of a transparent material, is a measure of the material's dispersion ( variation of refractive index with wavelength ) in relation to the refractive index, with high values of V indicating low dispersion ( low chromatic aberration ).

In physics, angular momentum, moment of momentum, or rotational momentum is a vector quantity that represents the product of a body's rotational inertia and rotational velocity about a particular axis.

In modern ( late 20th century ) theoretical physics, angular momentum is described using a different formalism.