In addition to the basic programs in wavelength standards, spectroscopy, solid state physics, interactions of the free electron and atomic constants which are necessary to provide the foundation for technological progress, the Bureau has strengthened its activities in laboratory astrophysics.

In our current understanding of physics, the Bohr model is called a semi-classical model because of its quantization of angular momentum, not primarily because of its relationship with electron wavelength, which appeared in hindsight a dozen years after the Bohr model was proposed.

In the field of high-energy particle physics, the fundamental velocity unit is the speed of light c. Thus, dividing energy in eV by the speed of light in vacuum, one can describe the momentum of an electron in units of eV / c.

This is a very important fact in nuclear physics: Protons and neutrons in an atomic nucleus cannot all be in the same quantum state, but instead they spread out into nuclear shells analogous to electron shells in chemistry.

One of the founding fathers of QED, Richard Feynman, has called it " the jewel of physics " for its extremely accurate predictions of quantities like the anomalous magnetic moment of the electron, and the Lamb shift of the energy levels of hydrogen.

This lab developed many innovations, such as color television, the electron microscope, CMOS-based technology, heterojunction physics, optoelectronic emitting devices, liquid crystal displays ( LCDs ), videocassette recorders, direct broadcast television, direct broadcast satellite systems and high-definition television.

The physics of degeneracy yields a maximum mass for a non-rotating white dwarf, the Chandrasekhar limit — approximately 1. 4 solar masses — beyond which it cannot be supported by electron degeneracy pressure.

Recent results have been published in Nature Gerritsma, G. Kirchmair, F. Zaehringer, E. Solano, R. Blatt, and C. Roos, Nature 463, 68-71 ( 2010 ) in which the Zitterbewegung feature was simulated in a trapped-ion experiment This experiment impacts the hole interpretation if one infers that the physics-laboratory experiment is not merely a check on the mathematical correctness of a Dirac-equation solution but the measurement of a real effect whose detectability in electron physics is still beyond reach.

In the field of plasma physics temperatures are often measured in units of electron volts and the proportionality constant becomes.

Atomic, molecular, and optical physics ( AMO ) is the study of matter-matter and light-matter interactions ; at the scale of one or a few atoms and energy scales around several electron volts.

Robert A. Millikan ( March 22, 1868 – December 19, 1953 ) was an American experimental physicist, and Nobel laureate in physics for his measurement of the charge on the electron and for his work on the photoelectric effect.

* Photon science research in surface physics, material science, chemistry, molecular biology, geophysics and medicine through the use of synchrotron radiation and free electron lasers

The SLAC research program centers on experimental and theoretical research in elementary particle physics using electron beams and a broad program of research in atomic and solid-state physics, chemistry, biology, and medicine using synchrotron radiation.

In solid-state physics, the work function ( sometimes spelled workfunction ) is the minimum energy ( usually measured in electronvolts ) needed to remove an electron from a solid to a point immediately outside the solid surface ( or energy needed to move an electron from the Fermi level into vacuum ).

According to classical physics, it is absolutely necessary that the energy of the electron exceeds the energy difference of the potential barrier it is trying to pass.

In atomic physics the ionization energy is typically measured in the unit electron volt ( eV ).

In atomic physics and quantum chemistry, the electron configuration is the distribution of electrons of an atom or molecule ( or other physical structure ) in atomic or molecular orbitals.

In solid state physics, a band gap, also called an energy gap or bandgap, is an energy range in a solid where no electron states can exist.

An electron hole is the conceptual and mathematical opposite of an electron, useful in the study of physics, chemistry, and electrical engineering.

In solid state physics, an electron hole ( usually referred to simply as a hole ) is the absence of an electron from an otherwise full electron shell.

The conventional symbol Z comes from the German word meaning number / numeral / figure, which prior to the modern synthesis of ideas from chemistry and physics, merely denoted an element's numerical place in the periodic table.

In physics, the dyne ( symbol " dyn ", from Greek δύναμις ( dynamis ) meaning power, force ) is a unit of force specified in the centimetre-gram-second ( CGS ) system of units, a predecessor of the modern SI.

In physics, a photon is usually denoted by the symbol γ ( the Greek letter gamma ).

In introductory physics textbooks, the standard basis vectors are often instead denoted ( or, in which the hat symbol ^ typically denotes unit vectors ).

In physics, and electronics, the henry ( symbol H ) is the SI derived unit of inductance.

Robert Hofstadter coined the term fermi ( unit ), symbol fm, in honor of the Italian physicist Enrico Fermi ( 1901 – 1954 ), one of the founders of nuclear physics, in Hofstadter's 1956 paper published in the Reviews of Modern Physics journal, " Electron Scattering and Nuclear Structure ".

in this article, the symbol ζ is used when the reference zero is the bottom of the conduction band, as in metal physics.

* α, a symbol for angular acceleration in physics

* α, a symbol for the fine-structure constant in physics

* Pt is the symbol, in Particle physics formulae, for the transverse momentum ( the momentum that is perpendicular to the beamline of a particle detector )

In 1992, the IUPAC Trans-fermium Working Group officially recognized element 103, confirmed its naming as lawrencium, with symbol " Lr ", and named the nuclear physics teams at Dubna and Berkeley as the co-discoverers of lawrencium.

**" current ": ( for " alternating current "); less commonly, ( for " direct current "); or even ( the symbol used in physics and electronics )

The people of Athens is a symbol not less than the Doric temple, the Englishman not less than modern physics.

In atomic and nuclear physics, the symbol μ represents the magnitude of the magnetic moment, often measured in Bohr magnetons or nuclear magnetons, associated with the intrinsic spin of the particle and / or with the orbital motion of the particle in a system.

Winn feels that, as the Bajoran civilization sees in it a religious symbol ( the " Temple of the Prophets "), the Bajoran children should be taught this theory in preference to Starfleet physics and astrobiology.

In physics, the weber ( symbol: Wb ;,, or ) is the SI unit of magnetic flux.

In particle physics, a Higgsino, symbol, is the hypothetical superpartner of the Higgs boson, as predicted by supersymmetry.

In physics, the Lamb shift, named after Willis Lamb ( 1913 – 2008 ), is a small difference in energy between two energy levels and ( in term symbol notation ) of the hydrogen atom in quantum electrodynamics ( QED ).

In physics, the gyromagnetic ratio ( also sometimes known as the magnetogyric ratio in other disciplines ) of a particle or system is the ratio of its magnetic dipole moment to its angular momentum, and it is often denoted by the symbol γ, gamma.

* Specific heat capacity, in physics, a substance's heat capacity per unit mass, usually denoted by the symbol c or s

In physics, bottomness ( symbol B ′) also called beauty, is a flavour quantum number reflecting the difference between the number of bottom antiquarks ( n < sub ></ sub >) and the number of bottom quarks ( n < sub ></ sub >) that are present in a particle:

In atomic physics, Hund's rules refer to a set of rules formulated by German physicist Friedrich Hund around 1927, which are used to determine the term symbol that corresponds to the ground state of a multi-electron atom.

In acoustics or physics, acceleration ( symbol: a ) is defined as the rate of change ( or time derivative ) of velocity.