In telecommunication, equivalent pulse code modulation noise ( PCM ) is the amount of thermal noise power on a frequency-division multiplexing ( FDM ) or wire channel necessary to approximate the same judgment of speech quality created by quantizing noise in a PCM channel.

In signal processing and telecommunication, pulse duration is the interval between the time, during the first transition, that the amplitude of the pulse reaches a specified fraction ( level ) of its final amplitude, and the time the pulse amplitude drops, on the last transition, to the same level.

In telecommunication, a ternary signal is a signal that can assume, at any given instant, one of three states or significant conditions, such as power level, phase position, pulse duration, or frequency.

In telecommunication, distortion-limited operation is the condition prevailing when distortion of a received signal, rather than its attenuated amplitude ( or power ), limits performance under stated operational conditions and limits.

In telecommunication, transmit-after-receive time delay is the time interval from removal of RF energy at the local receiver input until the local transmitter is automatically keyed on and the transmitted rf signal amplitude has increased to 90 % of its steady-state value.

Asynchronous Transfer Mode ( ATM ) is, according to the ATM Forum, " a telecommunications concept defined by ANSI and ITU ( formerly CCITT ) standards for carriage of a complete range of user traffic, including voice, data, and video signals ," and is designed to unify telecommunication and computer networks.

Originally the teachers communicated with the children via radio, but now satellite telecommunication is used instead.

Bluetooth is managed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group, which has more than 16, 000 member companies in the areas of telecommunication, computing, networking, and consumer electronics.

In computing and telecommunication, a control character or non-printing character is a code point ( a number ) in a character set, that does not in itself represent a written symbol.

Dual-tone multi-frequency signaling ( DTMF ) is used for telecommunication signaling over analog telephone lines in the voice-frequency band between telephone handsets and other communications devices and the switching center.

An electrical telegraph is a telegraph that uses electrical signals, usually conveyed via telecommunication lines or radio.

At its headquarters in Reading, England, one of the largest supercomputer complexes in Europe is linked by high-speed telecommunication lines to the computer systems of the national weather services of its supporting states.

The ITU-T mission is to ensure the efficient and timely production of standards covering all fields of telecommunications on a worldwide basis, as well as defining tariff and accounting principles for international telecommunication services.

Because of the widespread availability of ADSL services, ISDN is today primarily used for voice and fax traffic, but is still very popular thanks to the pricing policy of German telecommunication providers.

Located northwest of central Stockholm, it is divided by the Stockholm Metro blue line into a western part which is primarily a working class and middle class residential area, and an eastern part occupied by commercial ventures, mostly in the telecommunication and information technology industry.

The decimal SI definition, 1 kbit / s = 1000 bit / s, is used uniformly in the context of telecommunication transmission speeds.

The nibble is often called a " semioctet " or a " quartet " in a networking or telecommunication context.

On 28 December 2003 the duties of Oftel were inherited by Ofcom, which is the result of a consolidation of the British telecommunication and broadcasting regulators.

The centerpiece of the deregulation was the establishment of two categories of basic services licenses: Local loop ( LL ), for fixed line telecommunication within the 14 PTCL regions, and Long-distance and International ( LDI ), for connectivity between regions .” Two sets of criteria set by the regulatory authorities must be met before an operator is allowed to start operation: one for the issuance of a license and another for the maintenance of service quality.

QAM is used extensively as a modulation scheme for digital telecommunication systems.

Government investment in the Rwandan telecommunication sector is growing and has been successful so far.

This abundance of telecommunication technology is a result of promoting a competitive industry that was made possible by deregulation.

“ It was and is the largest provider of both cable TV and mobile telecommunication ”.

The country ’ s economy is reasonably diversified with key economic sectors including mining, agriculture and fishery, vehicle manufacturing and assembly, food-processing, clothing and textiles, telecommunication, energy, financial and business services, real estate, tourism, transportation, and wholesale and retail trade.

As an outcome of this programme, the structure of the telecommunication sector in the country at present is as follows:

* Speech coding, a specialized form of data compression, is important in the telecommunication area.

Television ( TV ) is a telecommunication medium for transmitting and receiving moving images that can be monochrome ( black-and-white ) or colored, with or without accompanying sound.

In telecommunication, a pre-emphasis network is a network inserted in a system in order to increase the magnitude of one range of frequencies with respect to another.

In telecommunication, reference noise is the magnitude of circuit noise chosen as a reference for measurement.

In telecommunication, an artificial transmission line ( art line ) is a four-terminal electrical network that has the characteristic impedance, transmission time delay, phase shift, or other parameter ( s ) of a real transmission line.

* Drift ( telecommunication ), a comparatively long-term change in an attribute, value, or operational parameter of a system or equipment

In telecommunication, a password length parameter is a basic parameter the value of which affects password strength against brute force attack and so is a contributor to computer security.

TTI, Transmission Time Interval, is a parameter in UMTS ( and other digital telecommunication networks ) related to encapsulation of data from higher layers into frames for transmission on the radio link layer.

In telecommunication, a drift is a comparatively long-term change in an attribute, value, or operational parameter of a system or equipment.

A character encoding system consists of a code that pairs each character from a given repertoire with something else — such as a bit pattern, sequence of natural numbers, octets, or electrical pulses — in order to facilitate the transmission of data ( generally numbers or text ) through telecommunication networks or for data storage.

Once the transmission characteristics of a system are determined, telecommunication engineers design the transmitters and receivers needed for such systems.

* The Next Generation Networks ( NGN ) concept takes into consideration new realities in the telecommunication industry characterized by factors such as ; the need to converge and optimize the operating networks and the extraordinary expansion of digital traffic ( i. e., increasing demand for new multimedia services, mobility, etc.

The IEC charter embraces all electrotechnologies including energy production and distribution, electronics, magnetics and electromagnetics, electroacoustics, multimedia and telecommunication, as well as associated general disciplines such as terminology and symbols, electromagnetic compatibility ( by its Advisory Committee on Electromagnetic Compatibility, ACEC ), measurement and performance, dependability, design and development, safety and the environment.

Signals of interest can include sound, images, and sensor data, for example biological data such as electrocardiograms, control system signals, telecommunication transmission signals, and many others.

Disquiet has continued however with the opposition declaring the voting rigged, claiming the military stole ballot boxes from various polling stations in the South, as well as other election irregularities, such as telecommunication shutdown.

The overlapped estimators have been accepted as the preferred Allan variance estimators in IEEE, ITU-T and ETSI standards for comparable measurements such as needed for telecommunication qualification.

In telecommunication, aperture-to-medium coupling loss is the difference between the theoretical antenna gain of a very large antenna, such as the antennas in beyond-the-horizon microwave links, and the gain that can be realized in practice.

In telecommunication, an atmospheric duct is a horizontal layer in the lower atmosphere in which the vertical refractive index gradients are such that radio signals ( and light rays ) ( a ) are guided or ducted, ( b ) tend to follow the curvature of the Earth, and ( c ) experience less attenuation in the ducts than they would if the ducts were not present.

ALE networks are common among organizations engaged in extraordinary situation response such as: natural and man-made disasters, transportation, power, or telecommunication network failures, war, peacekeeping, or stability operations.

In telecommunication, continuous operation is an operation in which certain components, such as nodes, facilities, circuits, or equipment, are in an operational state at all times.

In telecommunication, control communications is the branch of technology devoted to the design, development, and application of communications facilities used specifically for control purposes, such as for controlling ( a ) industrial processes, ( b ) movement of resources, ( c ) electric power generation, distribution, and utilization, ( d ) communications networks, and ( e ) transportation systems.

In telecommunication and signal processing, a noise-free " system " can be characterised by a transfer function, such that the output can be written as a function of the input as

In telecommunication, a distributed-queue dual-bus network ( DQDB ) is a distributed multi-access network that ( a ) supports integrated communications using a dual bus and distributed queuing, ( b ) provides access to local or metropolitan area networks, and ( c ) supports connectionless data transfer, connection-oriented data transfer, and isochronous communications, such as voice communications.

In telecommunication, effective data transfer rate is the average number of units of data, such as bits, characters, blocks, or frames, transferred per unit time from a source and accepted as valid by a sink.

In telecommunication, electromagnetic interference control ( EMI ) is the control of radiated and conducted energy such that emissions that are unnecessary for system, subsystem, or equipment operation are reduced, minimized, or eliminated.

In telecommunication, endurability is the property of a system, subsystem, equipment, or process that enables it to continue to function within specified performance limits for an extended period of time, usually months, despite a severe natural or man-made disturbance, such as a nuclear attack, or a loss of external logistic or utility support.

In telecommunication, a burst error or error burst is a contiguous sequence of symbols, received over a data transmission channel, such that the first and last symbols are in error and there exists no contiguous subsequence of m correctly received symbols within the error burst.

In telecommunication and astronomy, forward scatter is the deflection — by diffraction, nonhomogeneous refraction, or nonspecular reflection by particulate matter of dimensions that are large with respect to the wavelength in question but small with respect to the beam diameter — of a portion of an incident electromagnetic wave, in such a manner that the energy so deflected propagates in a direction that is within 90 ° of the direction of propagation of the incident wave ( i. e., the phase angle is greater than 90 °).

In telecommunication, ground constants are the electrical parameters of earth, such as conductivity, permittivity, and magnetic permeability.

In large scale telecommunication networks such as telephone network trunks, microwave relay networks, cable television systems, and communication satellite links, large bandwidth capacity links are shared by many individual communication channels by using heterodyning to move the frequency of the individual signals up to different frequencies, which share the channel.

In telecommunication, a layered system is a system in which components are grouped, i. e., layered, in a hierarchical arrangement, such that lower layers provide functions and services that support the functions and services of higher layers.

The concepts have however been extended from their computing and telecommunication meanings into the area of human interaction and conversation, such that even offline can be used in contrast to the common usage of online.

In telecommunication, part 68 ( Subpart F obsolete ) is the section of Title 47 of the Code of Federal Regulations of the United States governing ( a ) the direct connection of telecommunications equipment and customer premises wiring with the public switched telephone network and certain private line services, such as ( 1 ) foreign exchange lines at the customer premises end, ( 2 ) the station end of off-premises stations associated with PBX and Centrex services, ( 3 ) trunk-to-station tie lines at the trunk end only, and ( 4 ) switched service network station lines, i. e., common control switching arrangements ; and ( b ) the direct connection of ( 1 ) all PBX and similar systems to private line services for tie trunk type interfaces, ( 2 ) off-premises station lines, and ( 3 ) automatic identified outward dialing ( AIOD ) and message registration.