In metaphysics, Aristotelianism had a profound influence on philosophical and theological thinking in the Islamic and Jewish traditions in the Middle Ages, and it continues to influence Christian theology, especially the scholastic tradition of the Catholic Church.

Jewish and Christian music were originally a cappella, and this tradition has existed continuously in both of these religions as well as in Islam.

The first references in the western historical tradition begin at Syracuse in 399 BC and these devices were widely employed by the Roman Legions in Republican times well before the Christian era.

It is widely used by a number of Christian denominations for both liturgical and catechetical purposes, most visibly by liturgical Churches of Western tradition, including the Latin Rite of the Catholic Church, Lutheranism, Anglicanism, and Western Orthodoxy.

In Niue, certain activities remain forbidden on Sunday, reflecting the country's history of observing Christian Sabbath tradition.

There is a third view that sees merit in both arguments above and attempts to bridge them, and so cannot be articulated as starkly as they can ; it sees more than one Christianity and more than one attitude towards paganism at work in the poem, separated from each other by hundreds of years ; it sees the poem as originally the product of a literate Christian author with one foot in the pagan world and one in the Christian, himself a convert perhaps or one whose forbears had been pagan, a poet who was conversant in both oral and literary milieus and was capable of a masterful " repurposing " of poetry from the oral tradition ; this early Christian poet saw virtue manifest in a willingness to sacrifice oneself in a devotion to justice and in an attempt to aid and protect those in need of help and greater safety ; good pagan men had trodden that noble path and so this poet presents pagan culture with equanimity and respect ; yet overlaid upon this early Christian poet's composition are verses from a much later reformist " fire-and-brimstone " Christian poet who vilifies pagan practice as dark and sinful and who adds satanic aspects to its monsters.

M. H. Abrams and Stephen Greenblatt assert in their introduction to Beowulf in the Norton Anthology of English Literature that, " The poet was reviving the heroic language, style, and pagan world of ancient Germanic oral poetry it is now widely believed that Beowulf is the work of a single poet who was a Christian and that his poem reflects well-established Christian tradition.

Baptism ( from the Greek noun Βάπτισμα baptisma ; itself derived from baptismos, washing ) is a Christian rite of admission ( or adoption ), almost invariably with the use of water, into the Christian Church generally and also a particular church tradition.

Benjamin () was the last-born of Jacob's twelve sons, and the second and last son of Rachel in Jewish, Christian and Islamic tradition.

The combined book Ezra-Nehemiah of the earliest Christian and Jewish period was known as Ezra and was probably attributed to him ; according to a rabbinic tradition, however, Nehemiah was the real author but was forbidden to claim authorship because of his bad habit of disparaging others.

Jewish and Christian tradition held that the entire book is by the 8th century BCE prophet Isaiah, but scholars have concluded since the late 19th century that it cannot be by a single author.

The full title in Hebrew is named after a young woman of Moab, the great-grandmother of David and, according to the Christian tradition, an ancestress of Jesus :, Megillat Ruth, or " the scroll of Ruth ", which places the book as one of the Five Megillot.

Although the date, place, and circumstances of his death are historically unverifiable, Christian tradition holds that Barnabas was martyred at Salamis, Cyprus, in 61 AD.

It is widely used by a number of Christian denominations for both liturgical and catechetical purposes, most visibly by liturgical Churches of Western Christian tradition, including the Latin Rite of the Catholic Church, Lutheranism, Anglicanism, and Western Orthodoxy.

Calvinism ( also called Reformed tradition, or the Reformed faith, and sometimes Reformed theology ) is a type of Protestant theological system and an alternative approach to the Christian life.

In early Christian Ireland the druidic tradition collapsed due to the spread of the new Christian faith.

The Apostles ' Creed is widely used by most Christian denominations for both liturgical and catechetical purposes, most visibly by liturgical Churches of Western tradition, including the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church, Lutheranism, the Anglican Communion, and Western Orthodoxy.

Wheaton stated that the public law was essentially `` limited to the civilized and Christian peoples of Europe or to those of European origin ''.

Angel-shaped beings appear in ancient Mesopotamian and Greek art and were probably the inspiration for the popular Christian image of angels, a popular subject for Byzantine and European paintings and sculpture.

In the 16th and the 17th centuries, the earliest European arrivals in China, the Christian Jesuits, considered Confucianism to be an ethical system, not a religion, and one that was compatible with Christianity.

The Cathars were largely a homegrown, Western European / Latin Christian phenomenon, springing up in the Rhineland cities ( particularly Cologne ) in the mid-12th century, northern France around the same time, and particularly southern France — the Languedoc — and the northern Italian cities in the mid-late 12th century.

The Group of the European People's Party ( Christian Democrats ), abbreviated to EPP Group, is a centre-right political group of the European Parliament.

The Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community ( the predecessor of the present day European Parliament ) first met on 10 September 1952 and the first Christian Democratic group was unofficially formed the next day, with Maan Sassen as President.

As the Community expanded into the Union, the centre-right in the new member states were not necessarily Christian Democrat and the EPP ( European People's Party, the transnational political party founded in 1976 which all group members are now affiliated to ) feared being sidelined.

However, the group saw its membership fall sharply in the late 1980s, as many centre-right members moved to the rival European People's Party group, dominated by the German CDU and the ideology of Christian democracy in general.

Although Ireland's political spectrum was traditionally divided along Civil War lines, rather than the traditional European left-right spectrum, Fine Gael is described generally as a centre-right, Christian democratic party, with a focus on law and order, enterprise and reward, and fiscal rectitude.

Fine Gael is a founding member of the European People's Party ( EPP ), the largest European political party comprising conservative and Christian democratic national-level parties from across Europe.

Currently, the party conforms generally with European political parties that identify themselves as being Christian democratic.

The immediate occasion for the war was the uprising of the Protestant nobility of Bohemia against the emperor, but the conflict was widened into a European War by the intervention of King Christian IV of Denmark ( 1625 – 29 ), Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden ( 1630 – 48 ) and France under Cardinal Richelieu.

In 1686, the capital city Buda was freed from the Ottomans by an allied Christian army composed of Austrian, Hungarian, and Western European troops, each roughly one third of the army.

Contributing to Christian European rhetorical traditions, Hildegard “ authorized herself as a theologian ” through alternative rhetorical arts.

Scholastic European scholars, who sought to reconcile the philosophy of the ancient classical philosophers with Christian theology, proclaimed Aristotle the greatest thinker of the ancient world.

Compared with the languages of European Christendom, the Russian language was little influenced by the Greek and Latin of early Christian writings.

Legislation against the Talmud in European courts resulted from concerns that its circulation would weaken Christians ' faith and threaten the Christian basis of society, the preservation of which was the monarch's duty.

The Crusades, first preached in 1095, were military attempts, by western European Christians, to regain control of the Middle Eastern Holy Land from the Muslims, and succeeded long enough to establish Christian states in the Near East.

Through the adoption of Christianity Mieszko I included his Polish state in the community European western Latin rite Christian states.

Though Molokans are somewhat similar to the European Quakers and Mennonites — for their pacifism, communal organization, spiritual meetings, and sub-groupings — they are ethnically much closer to Doukhobors and Sabbatarians ( Subbotniki ) because they evolved from the same Russian Spiritual Christian movement of Khristovers and Ikonobors ( icon-wrestlers ), and migrated together with some intermarriage.

By the late 19th century, Nazareth was a town with a strong Arab Christian presence and a growing European community, where a number of communal projects were undertaken and new religious buildings were erected.

Poznań hosted the 2009 European Young Adults Meeting of the ecumenical Christian Taizé Community.

Together they illustrate every aspect of the cultures of the Nile Valley ( including Nubia ), from the Predynastic Neolithic period ( c. 10, 000 BC ) through to the Coptic ( Christian ) times ( 12th century AD ), a time-span over 11, 000 years.

According to non-Orthodox Jews and critical historians, Jewish law too has been affected by surrounding cultures ( for example, some scholars argue that the establishment of absolute monotheism in Judaism was a reaction against the dualism of Zoroastrianism that Jews encountered when living under Persian rule ; Jews rejected polygamy during the Middle Ages, influenced by their Christian neighbors ).

The concept of divine right incorporates, but exaggerates, the ancient Christian concept of " royal God-given rights ", which teach that " the right to rule is anointed by God ", although this idea is found in many other cultures, including Aryan and Egyptian traditions.

Its history is important to understanding the origin and development of the Mesopotamian, Egyptian, Canaanite, Israeli, Phoenician, Carthaginian, Greek, Roman, Byzantine, Ottoman, Christian and Islamic cultures.

The spread and success of Manichaeism were seen as a threat to other religions, and it was widely persecuted in Hellenistic, Christian, Zoroastrian, Islamic, and Buddhist cultures.

In these bulls he ruled on the custom of accommodating Christian words and usages to express non-Christian ideas and practices of the native cultures, which had been extensively done by the Jesuits in their Indian and Chinese missions.

For the northern solstice, Christian cultures celebrate the feast of St. John from June 23 to 24 ( see St. John's Eve, Ivan Kupala Day, Midsummer ), while Neopagans observe Midsummer, also known as Litha.

Jefferson believed that Natives should give up their own cultures, religions, and lifestyles to assimilate to western European culture, Christian religion, and a European-style agriculture, which he believed to be superior.

The contemporary Georgian chronicles enshrined Christian morality and patristic literature continued to flourish, but it had, by that time, lost its earlier dominant position to secular literature, which was highly original, even though it developed in close contact with the neighboring cultures.

In an interview with Gene Roddenberry in a 1991 edition of ' The Humanist ' magazine, he implied that it might also have had its roots in his belief that Christian Missionaries were interfering with other cultures.

On the one hand, like its counterpart in predominantly Christian cultures, magic is forbidden by orthodox leaders and legal opinions.

Historically, Europe has always been a mixture of Latin, Slavic, Germanic, Uralic, Celtic, Hellenic, Illyrian, Thracian and other cultures influenced by the importation of Hebraic, Christian, Muslim and other belief systems ; although the continent was supposedly unified by the super-position of Imperial Roman Christianity, it is accepted that geographic and cultural differences continued from antiquity into the modern age.

Christian converts among evangelized cultures, in particular, have the strongest identification with the term " People of the Book " as the first written text produced in their native language, as with English-speaking people, has often been the Bible.

A Christian missionary can be defined as " one who is to witness across cultures.

Although Christian Millennialism is the most well-known example of a millenarian belief system, the application of 1000-year cycles to the establishment or changing of the world has happened in many cultures and religions, and continues to this day, and is not relegated to the sects of only major world religions.

The communication of Christian faith to new geographical areas and cultures is often referred to as evangelization, or specifically, world evangelization.

However, as documented in the book review, " THE TWO BABYLONS: A Case Study in Poor Methodology ", by Ralph Woodrow, which appeared in volume 22, number 2 ( 2000 ) of the Christian Research Journal ( Article DC187 ), Two Babylons Hislop was an exceptionally poor researcher who " picked, chose and mixed " portions of various unrelated myths from many different cultures.

One goal of missiology is to distinguish between practices that are essential to Christianity which must be practiced by Christians in all cultures, and other strictly cultural expressions of Christianity that can vary between societies while still expressing the Christian faith.

Kazan, the capital of Tatarstan, shows a unique mix of Christian Russian and Muslim Tatar cultures.

Even though Christian philosophy, Writing, and other fundamentals of European culture have been significantly influenced from Asia Minor and the Near East, a eurocentric worldview often seeks to show the superiority of Western customs to analogous developments in other, often earlier cultures.

For this reason Gentile commonly meant persons brought up in the Christian faith, as opposed to the adherents of Judaism, and was not typically used to refer to non-Jews in non-Western cultures.

According to feminist historian Sarah McDougall, the origin of Christian European insistence on monogamy, and insistence on its enforcement, arose as a consequence of 16th century Islamic incursions into Central Europe and the advent of European colonialism within the Americas, Africa and Asia, which exposed European Christians to cultures that practised polygamy.

When St. Paul's College was founded, the main aim was ' the offering to Chinese youths of a modern, liberal education in the English language ( but including the subject of Chinese language in the curriculum ) upon Christian principles ...' Bringing together the cultures of East and West and the fostering of bilingualism have been the well-established traditions in the school.

Davao is also a harmonious blend of Christian and Muslim cultures.