By the early Heian period, the shōen had obtained legal status, and the large religious establishments sought clear titles in perpetuity, waiver of taxes, and immunity from government inspection of the shōen they held.

Three late tenth century and early eleventh century women presented their views of life and romance at the Heian court in Kagerō Nikki (" The Gossamer Years ") by " the mother of Michitsuna ", Makura no Sōshi ( The Pillow Book ) by Sei Shōnagon, and Genji Monogatari ( Tale of Genji ) by Murasaki Shikibu ( herself a Fujiwara ).

In the Heian period ( 8th to 11th centuries ) sword-making developed through techniques brought over from China through trade in the early 10th century.

Shogi in its present form was played as early as the 16th century, while a direct ancestor without the " drop rule " was recorded from 1210 in a historical document Nichūreki, which is an edited copy of Shōchūreki and Kaichūreki from the late Heian period ( c. 1120 ).

Originally, the title of Sei-i Taishōgun ( Commander-in-Chief of the Expeditionary Force Against the Barbarians ) was given to military commanders during the early Heian Period for the duration of military campaigns against the Emishi who resisted the governance of the Imperial court based in Kyoto.

During the Nara period and the early Heian period, the court favored Chinese-style poetry ( kanshi ) and the waka art form largely fell out of official favor.

The shinobi proper, a specially trained group of spies and mercenaries, appeared in the Sengoku or " warring states " period, in the 15th century, but antecedents may have existed in the 14th century, and possibly even in the 12th century ( Heian or early Kamakura era ).

* Ki no Tomonori, early Heian waka poet

The Tale of Genji ( early 11th century ) by Murasaki Shikibu is considered the pre-eminent masterpiece of Heian fiction and an early example of a work of fiction in the form of a novel.

is a classic work of Japanese literature written by the Japanese noblewoman and lady-in-waiting Murasaki Shikibu in the early years of the 11th century, around the peak of the Heian period.

The early Heian period ( 784 – 967 ) continued Nara culture ; the Heian capital was patterned on the Chinese Tang capital at Chang ' an, as was Nara, but on a larger scale than Nara.

Despite the decline of the Taika-Taihō reforms, imperial government was vigorous during the early Heian period.

By the early Heian period, the shōen had obtained legal status, and the large religious establishments sought clear titles in perpetuity, waiver of taxes, and immunity from government inspection of the shōen they held.

Three late tenth century and early eleventh century women presented their views of life and romance at the Heian court in Kagerō Nikki by " the mother of Fujiwara Michitsuna ", Makura no sōshi by Sei Shōnagon and Genji Monogatari by Murasaki Shikibu.

Whereas the first phase of shōen development in the early Heian period had seen the opening of new lands and the granting of the use of lands to aristocrats and religious institutions, the second phase saw the growth of patrimonial " house governments ," as in the old clan system.

was a general and shogun of the early Heian Period of Japan.

Genji Monogatari ( early 11th century ) by a woman named Murasaki Shikibu is considered the pre-eminent masterpiece of Heian fiction and an early example of a work of fiction in the form of a novel.

Among his sons, Makoto, Tokiwa, and Tōru became sadaijin ; they were among the most powerful in the Imperial Court in the early Heian period.

Sanetomo was a talented poet, writing over 700 poems between the ages of 17 and 22 while being tutored by Fujiwara no Teika, even having one of his tanka included in the anthology Ogura Hyakunin Isshu ( 100 Poems by 100 Poets ), a noted collection of Japanese poems of the Heian and early Kamakura periods.

Some Emishi tribes resisted the rule of the Japanese Emperors during the late Nara and early Heian periods ( 7th – 10th centuries CE ).

was a general of the Minamoto clan of Japan in the late Heian and early Kamakura period.

These younger units of this geologic formation date to the early Maastrichtian stage of the Late Cretaceous Period, 70 to 68 Ma ( million years ago ).

Around the dynastic Tang, Song, and early Ming Period, cuirasses and plates ( mingguangjia ) were also used, with more elaborate versions for officers in war.

During the Warring States Period and the early Han Dynasty, China grew greatly and the need arose for a solid and centralized cadre of government officers able to read and write administrative papers.

Crannogs were used as dwellings over five millennia from the European Neolithic Period, to as late as the 17th / early 18th century although in Scotland, convincing evidence for Early and Middle Bronze Age or Norse Period use is not currently present in the archaeological record.

( It had twelve strings when it was introduced to Japan in the early Nara Period ( 710 – 784 ) and increased to thirteen strings ).

MIT operates on a 4 – 1 – 4 academic calendar with the fall semester beginning after Labor Day and ending in mid-December, a 4-week " Independent Activities Period " in the month of January, and the spring semester beginning in early February and ending in late May.

Old English ( Ænglisc, Anglisc, Englisc ) or Anglo-Saxon is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written by the Anglo-Saxons and their descendants in parts of what are now England and southern and eastern Scotland, more specifically in the England Old Period, between at least the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century.

The Vedic Period also established republics such as Vaishali, which existed as early as the 6th century BCE and persisted in some areas until the 4th century CE.

Its fossil remains have been found primarily in the Solnhofen limestone of Bavaria, Germany, dated to the late Jurassic Period ( early Tithonian ), about 150. 8-148. 5 million years ago, though more fragmentary remains have been identified from elsewhere in Europe and in Africa.

The earliest remains consist of extensive rock cut installations, initially thought to date to the Early Bronze Age by Kenyon, these have recently been re-evaluated, first by Stager and then by Franklin, and are now recognized to be the remains of an extensive early Iron Age oil and wine industry ( designated Building Period 0 ).

Global temperature records taken from ice cores, tree rings, and lake deposits, have shown that, taken globally, the Earth may have been slightly cooler ( by 0. 03 degrees Celsius ) during the ' Medieval Warm Period ' than in the early and mid-20th century.

In the Chesapeake Bay, researchers found large temperature excursions ( changes from the mean temperature of that time ) during the Medieval Warm Period ( about 950 – 1250 ) and the Little Ice Age ( about 1400 – 1700, with cold periods persisting into the early 20th century ), possibly related to changes in the strength of North Atlantic thermohaline circulation.

Knowledge of the North American Medieval Warm Period has been useful in dating occupancy periods of certain Native American habitation sites, especially in arid parts of the western U. S. Review of more recent archaeological research shows that as the search for signs of unusual cultural changes during the MWP has broadened, some of these early patterns ( for example, violence and health problems ) have been found to be more complicated and regionally varied than previously thought while others ( for example, settlement disruption, deterioration of long distance trade, and population movements ) have been further corroborated.

A period of intense museum building, in both an intellectual and physical sense was realized in the late 19th and early 20th centuries ( this is often called " The Museum Period " or " The Museum Age ").

Fossil evidence suggests that they originated during, or before, the early Jurassic Period.

* Middle Egyptian ( 2055 BC – 1650 BC ), characterizing Middle Kingdom ( 2055 BC – 1650 BC, but enduring through the early 18th Dynasty until the Amarna Period ( 1353 BC ), and continuing on as a literary language into the 4th century AD ).

An amphora ( English plural: amphorae or amphoras ) is a type of container of a characteristic shape and size, descending from at least as early as the Neolithic Period.

Modern scholars accepting his historicity place the completion of The Art of War in the Warring States Period ( 476 – 221 BC ), based on the descriptions of warfare in the text, and on the similarity of text's prose to other works completed in the early Warring States period.

The early Christian period under Byzantine rule ( First Byzantine Period, 395 – 824 AD ) and the rule of the Arabs, who called the settlement Al Hanim (" the Inn "), are not well documented.

In China, Korea and Japan, carp farming took place as early as the Yayoi Period ( c. 300 BC – 300 AD ).

Politically, the Classical Period was dominated by Athens and the Delian League during the 5th century, displaced by Spartan hegemony during the early 4th century BC, before power shifted to Thebes and the Boeotian League and finally to the League of Corinth led by Macedon.

A leafy bough between them, two figures embrace on a small piece of gold foil dating from the Migration Period to the early Viking Age

Small pieces of gold foil decorated with pictures of figures dating from the Migration Period into the early Viking Age ( known as gullgubber ) have been discovered in various locations in Scandinavia, in one case almost 2, 500.