To be fully precise, a measurement in sones must be specified in terms of the optional suffix G, which means that the loudness value is calculated from frequency groups, and by one of the two suffixes D ( for direct field or free field ) or R ( for room field or diffuse field ).

: Dynamic range refers to the ratio of maximum to minimum loudness in a given signal source ( eg, music or programme material ), and this measurement also quantifies the maximum dynamic range an audio system can carry.

The unit of measurement for loudness levels is the phon, and is arrived at by reference to equal-loudness contours.

* Researches in loudness measurement by CBS using noise bands, 1966 IEEE Article

* Standard measurement algorithms for broadcast loudness monitoring applications have recently been developed by the International Telecommunication Union ( ITU-R BS. 1770 ) and the European Broadcasting Union ( R128 ).

The VU-meter ( intentionally ) " slows " measurement, averaging out peaks and troughs of short duration, and reflects more the perceived loudness of the material than the more modern and initially more expensive PPM meters.

This average can be a simple measurement of average power, such as the RMS value, or it can be a measure of human-perceived loudness, such as that offered by ReplayGain and EBU R128.

Since a peak measurement is not useful for qualifying the noise performance of a system, or measuring the loudness of an audio recording, for instance, RMS measurements are often used instead.

* dB ( C ), C-weighted decibels, a loudness measurement in acoustics

A study of the hydrogen line profiles indicates that a measurement of these profiles can be used to calculate a temperature for the arc plasma that is reliable to about Af percent.

Throughout their careers, both Mr. Brown and Mr. Sharpe were interested in the problem of setting up standards of measurement for the mechanical trades.

Two pyrometers shown in figure 1 and 2 ( Pyrometer Instrument Co. Model 95 ) served for simultaneous measurement of the anode surface temperature and the temperature distribution along the anode holder.

The face of one block contained a hole 1/16'' '' in diameter which led to a manometer for the measurement of the normal pressure.

They also give information which will aid in the design of a more satisfactory instrument for the measurement of the normal pressures.

The temperature was maintained to within about Af for the period of time required to make the measurement ( usually about one hour ).

He made the first measurement of stellar parallax: 0. 3 arcsec for the binary star 61 Cygni.

In 1976 the International Astronomical Union ( IAU ) revised the definition of the AU for greater precision, defining it as that length for which the Gaussian gravitational constant ( k ) takes the value when the units of measurement are the astronomical units of length, mass and time.

For a meteor, the standard distance for measurement of magnitudes is at an altitude of at the observer's zenith.

Ionization is generally undesirable, as it reduces the number of atoms that is available for measurement, i. e., the sensitivity.

In LS AAS the high resolution that is required for the measurement of atomic absorption is provided by the narrow line emission of the radiation source, and the monochromator simply has to resolve the analytical line from other radiation emitted by the lamp.

When a continuum radiation source is used for AAS measurement it is indispensable to work with a high-resolution monochromator.

As measurement of total and background absorption, and correction for the latter, are strictly simultaneous ( in contrast to LS AAS ), even the fastest changes of background absorption, as they may be observed in ET AAS, do not cause any problem.

* Arbitrary unit, a relative placeholder unit for when the actual value of a measurement is unknown or unimportant

* Appreciation Index, a measurement of approval for television programmes or services in the United Kingdom

Hot-wire anemometers, while extremely delicate, have extremely high frequency-response and fine spatial resolution compared to other measurement methods, and as such are almost universally employed for the detailed study of turbulent flows, or any flow in which rapid velocity fluctuations are of interest.

The time taken for the output to settle to within a certain percentage of the final value ( for instance 0. 1 %) is called the settling time, and is usually specified for oscilloscope vertical amplifiers and high accuracy measurement systems.

The GSI team further studied the reaction in 1989 and discovered the new isotope < sup > 261 </ sup > Bh during the measurement of the 1n and 2n excitation functions but were unable to detect an SF branching for < sup > 261 </ sup > Bh.

In 1794, this fortress was used by the French astronomer Pierre François André Méchain for observations relating to a survey stretching to Dunkirk that provided the official basis of the measurement of a metre.

The standard anthropometric measurement for young women is.

* Benchmark ( surveying ), a point of reference for a measurement

These concepts include one-to-one correspondence ( the basis of counting ), comparison to a standard ( used for measurement ), and the 3-4-5 right triangle ( a device for assuring a right angle ).

This can be done, for example, by visual means ( e. g., a spinning slotted disk, which functions as a simple stroboscope ) without interfering with the measurement itself.

In physical sciences, numerical values ( such as constants, quantities, or scales of measurement ) are called conventional if they do not represent a measured property of nature, but originate in a convention, for example an average of many measurements, agreed between the scientists working with these values.

For example, as statistical offices improve their data, measurement error decreases, so the error term declines over time.

One common example has to do with the phrase rule of thumb, meaning a rough measurement.

The Romans, for example, used the carob seed ( carat or siliqua ) as a measurement standard.

Pitot-static tubes, for example perform this measurement on airplanes to determine airspeed.

If the fluid being measured is significantly dense, hydrostatic corrections may have to be made for the height between the moving surface of the manometer working fluid and the location where the pressure measurement is desired except when measuring differential pressure of a fluid ( for example across an orifice plate or venturi ), in which case the density ρ should be corrected by subtracting the density of the fluid being measured.

For example, rather than just getting a passing grade for mathematics, a student might be assessed as level 4 for number sense, level 5 for algebraic concepts, level 3 for measurement skills, etc.

: An example employing SI units and scientific notation for the number, might be a measurement of power written as

At location A, a Bell measurement of the EPR pair qubit and the qubit to be teleported ( for example, quantum state of a photon ) is performed, yielding two classical bits of information.

Analysis of an actual experiment found that measurement alone ( for example by a Geiger counter ) is sufficient to collapse a quantum wave function before there is any conscious observation of the measurement.

The maximum throughput is often an unreliable measurement of perceived bandwidth, for example the file transmission data rate in bits per seconds.

For example, if a measurement of an observable is taken then the system is in a particular eigenstate of that observable.

Any measurement that can be converted to a voltage can be displayed on a meter that is suitably calibrated ; for example, pressure, temperature, flow or level in a chemical process plant.

A macroscopic example of CFD would be the assumption — without measurement — that a ball, thrown into the air, will return to the Earth due to gravity.

For example, when one observes a measured increase in temperature with a thermometer, that observation is based on assumptions about the nature of temperature and its measurement, as well as assumptions about how the thermometer functions.

Thus for example atomic processes that are observed as rates, will necessarily be adjusted in a way consistent with relativity, while those involving the measurement of energy and momentum, which themselves form a relativistic vector, will undergo parallel adjustment which preserves the relativistic covariance of the observed values.

For example, a meter reading 5½ stable digits may indicate that one nominally 100, 000 ohm resistor is about 7 ohms greater than another, although the error of each measurement is 0. 2 % of reading plus 0. 05 % of full-scale value.

For example, sometimes aircraft noise is studied by measuring ambient sound without presence of any overflights, and then studying the noise addition by measurement or computer simulation of overflight events.

In biology, many different forms of cellular noise exist, where a measurement displays substantial variance around its mean: for example, transcriptional noise describes the variability in gene activity between cells in a population.

The noise power from a simple load is equal to, where ' is Boltzmann's constant, ' is the absolute temperature of the load ( for example a resistor ), and ' is the measurement bandwidth.

For example, a measurement of 5. 783 millimetres would be obtained by reading 5. 5 millimetres on the sleeve, and then adding 0. 28 millimetre as determined by the thimble.

The measurement of heat using a simple calorimeter, like the coffee cup calorimeter, is an example of constant-pressure calorimetry, since the pressure ( atmospheric pressure ) remains constant during the process.