Cantigas de Santa Maria, mid-13th century, Spain

Thus, according to Étienne Boileau's Book of Handicrafts, by the mid-13th century there were no less than 100 guilds in Paris, a figure which by the 14th century had risen to 350.

One of the first examples of Europeans encountering gunpowder and firearms is at the Battle of Mohi in the mid-13th century.

By the mid-13th century Emirate of Granada was the only independent Muslim realm in Spain, which would last until 1492.

By the mid-13th century, Mapungubwe was abandoned.

The most extensive collection of laws, together known as Assizes of Jerusalem, were written in the mid-13th century, although many of them are purported to be twelfth-century in origin.

This cult attracted such throngs of pilgrims that the earlier shrine was rebuilt as the great Basilica from the mid-13th century, one of the finest Gothic churches in the south of France.

From the mid-13th century onward, the legend was widely disseminated and believed.

This could suggest two main possibilities: either that an early form of the Robin Hood legend was already well established in the mid-13th century ; or alternatively that the name " Robin Hood " preceded the outlaw hero that we know ; so that the " Robin Hood " of legend was so called because that was seen as an appropriate name for an outlaw.

From the mid-13th century on no more charters were granted, as the demographic pressure had disappeared and other means of repopulation were created.

Gunpowder arrived in India by the mid-14th century, but could have been introduced by the Mongols perhaps as early as the mid-13th century.

# 169v: Herr Rubin ( unknown, mid-13th century )

# 204r: Von Scharpfenberg ( of Ratschach, mid-13th century )

Szczerbiec is a ceremonial sword bearing rich Gothic ornamentation, dated to mid-13th century.

A second wave of migrants appeared around the year 800 ( the Spanish referred to these people as " Arawaks ") and a third in the mid-13th century ( called " Caribs " by the Spanish ).

It was the main Bishops ' residence until the mid-13th century.

Eventually by the mid-13th century, peasants, commoners and burghers were adopting heraldic devices.

Tuvalu is thought to have been visited by Tongans in the mid-13th century and was within Tonga's sphere of influence.

Early " Proto-Cossack " groups very likely came into existence within the territories of today's Ukraine in the mid-13th century as the Golden Horde influence grew weak.

Fifteen huge mid-13th century windows fill the nave and apse, while a large rose window with Flamboyant tracery ( added to the upper chapel c. 1490 ) dominates the western wall.

In the mid-13th century the town was destroyed by the Mongol invasion of Ögedei Khan, but it quickly recovered.

The parish church, St Martin's, has been dated to the mid-13th century.

In the mid-13th century the population was transferred to the newly-founded town of L ' Aquila, which was erected as a diocese by Pope Alexander IV, 20 February 1257.

This simple floorplan is clearly visible at the abandoned mediaeval village at Hound Tor, which was inhabited from the mid-13th to the mid-15th centuries corresponding with the establishment of the Ancient Tenements on the high moorlands and abandoned as a result of depopulation following the Black Death after 1340.

In medieval Hungary the system of gyepű and gyepűelve, effective until the mid-13th century, can be considered as marches even though in its organisation it shows major differences from Western European feudal marches.

From a major royal castle established around the mid-13th century, and the seat of the Moravian margraves in the mid-14th century, it was gradually turned into a huge baroque fortress considered the heaviest prison in the Austro-Hungarian empire, and then into barracks.

Founded in 1824, it houses a collection of over 2, 300 paintings dating from the mid-13th century to 1900.

According to the Arab geographer Yakut, in the mid-13th century there were two independent sultans ruling over parts of Pemba Island.

The most senior art gallery is the National Gallery in Trafalgar Square, which houses a collection of over 2, 300 paintings dating from the mid-13th century to 1900.

Areas known for their salt mines include Kilroot near Carrickfergus, Northern Ireland ( over 100 years old with more than 25 km of passages ); Khewra and Warcha in Pakistan ; Tuzla in Bosnia ; Wieliczka and Bochnia in Poland ( both established in the mid-13th century and still operating, mostly as museums ); Hallstatt and Salzkammergut in Austria ; Rheinberg in Germany ; Slănic, Cacica, Ocnele Mari, Salina Turda, Târgu Ocna, Ocna Sibiului, and Praid in Romania ; Provadiya in Bulgaria ; Racalmuto, Realmonte and Petralia Soprana within the production sites managed by Italkali in southern Italy ; Avery Island in Louisiana, United States ; Saltville, Virginia, which served as the site of one of the Confederacy's main saltworks ; the wich towns of Cheshire and Worcestershire in England ; and the Detroit Salt Company's subterranean complex beneath the city of Detroit.

These are seen in numerous illustration in the mid-13th.

* Episcopal Palace, seat of the bishops, rebuilt in the mid-13th century.

A community of Dominicans arrived in the mid-13th century and gradually extended the size of their priory, which was one of three Dominican priories in the county of Suffolk.

Political changes in the mid-13th century led to the need to re-think the palace's structure due to the considerable increase in the number of the Great Council's members.

The conventions of this representation, head tilted, lips slightly parted, large-eyed, curling hair cut in locks grazing the neck, were developed in the 3rd century BCE to depict Alexander the Great.

In the 4th century BC Alexander the Great conquered the peninsula, defeating the Persians.

In the latter part of the 4th century BC, the Macedonian Greek king Alexander the Great conquered the peninsula.

* Alexander of Aphrodisias ( 3rd century AD )

The reverse of the seal ( device ) | seal of Alexander I, enhanced as a 19th century steel engraving.

Alexander the warrior and knight: the reverse side of Alexander II's Great Seal, enhanced as a 19th century steel engraving.

* Alexander of Greece ( king ), 20th century king of Greece

Alexander was a native of Aphrodisias in Caria and came to Athens towards the end of the 2nd century.

Andrea Briosco, Aristotle and Alexander of Aphrodisias, XVI century plaquette, Bode Museum | Bode-Museum

There is some doubt as to the origin of the name ; but most probably it is derived from a collection of Alexandrine romances, collected in the 12th century, of which Alexander the Great was the hero, and in which he was represented, somewhat like the British Arthur, as the pride and crown of chivalry.

First century BC mosaic of Alexander the Great bearing on his armor an image of the Gorgon as an aegis-Naples National Archaeological Museum

A vestige of that appears in a portrait of Alexander the Great in a fresco from Pompeii dated to the first century BC, which shows the image of the head of a woman on his armor that resembles the Gorgon.

Two other uncommon sources were promoted by Alexander: Anselm of Canterbury, whose writings had been ignored for almost a century gained an important advocate in Alexander and he used Anselm's works extensively in his teaching on Christology and soteriology ; and, Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite, whom Alexander used in his examination of the theology of Orders and ecclesiastical structures.

In fact, Alexander was one of the major influences for the advancement of Anselmian thought in the thirteenth century.

In the 4th century BC, Alexander the Great commissioned Dinocrates of Rhodes to lay out his new city of Alexandria, the grandest example of idealized urban planning of the ancient Mediterranean world, where the city's regularity was facilitated by its level site near a mouth of the Nile.

The turn of the 20th century saw Cape Breton Island at the forefront of scientific achievement with the now-famous activities launched by inventors Alexander Graham Bell and Guglielmo Marconi.

John Dryden in the 16 – 17th century and Alexander Pope in the 18th century were both well known for their writing in heroic couplets.

David Alexander argues that any earlier declines were simply part of the global Long Depression, and that the Maritimes first fell behind the rest of Canada when the great boom period of the early twentieth century had little effect on the region.

In the 2nd century, Lucian devoted a witty essay to the career of a charlatan, " Alexander the false prophet ", trained by " one of those who advertise enchantments, miraculous incantations, charms for your love-affairs, visitations for your enemies, disclosures of buried treasure, and successions to estates ",< ref >

During the last years of the Russian Empire, in the early 20th century, many authors continued to write in the gothic fiction genre, including historian and historical fiction writer Alexander Valentinovich Amfiteatrov, Leonid Nikolaievich Andreyev, who developed psychological characterization, symbolist Valery Yakovlevich Bryusov, Alexander Grin, Anton Pavlovich Chekhov and Aleksandr Ivanovich Kuprin.