He also was the original author of rzip, which uses a similar algorithm to rsync.

Jürgen Schmidhuber ( 2000 ) constructed a limit-computable " Super Omega " which in a sense is much more random than the original limit-computable Omega, as one cannot significantly compress the Super Omega by any enumerating non-halting algorithm.

Using to denote the size of the original grammar, the size blow-up in the worst case may range from to, depending on the transformation algorithm used.

( Earley's original algorithm included a look-ahead in the state ; later research showed this to have little practical effect on the parsing efficiency, and it has subsequently been dropped from most implementations.

* Parse :: Earley A Perl module that implements Jay Earley's original algorithm.

This generalized Euclidean algorithm can be put to many of the same uses as Euclid's original algorithm in the ring of integers: in any Euclidean domain, one can apply the Euclidean algorithm to compute the greatest common divisor of any two elements.

The original algorithm was described only for natural numbers and geometric lengths ( real numbers ), but the algorithm was generalized in the 19th century to other types of numbers, such as Gaussian integers and polynomials in one variable.

By reversing the steps in the Euclidean algorithm, the GCD can be expressed as a sum of the two original numbers each multiplied by a positive or negative integer, e. g., 21 = × 105 + × 252.

The first part of the algorithm computes an LU decomposition, while the second part writes the original matrix as the product of a uniquely determined invertible matrix and a uniquely determined reduced row-echelon matrix.

* Suppose that there is a compression algorithm that transforms every file into a distinct file which is no longer than the original file, and that at least one file will be compressed into something that is shorter than itself.

In order for a compression algorithm to be considered lossless, there needs to exist a reverse mapping from compressed bit sequences to original bit sequences ; that is to say, the compression method would need to encapsulate a bijection between " plain " and " compressed " bit sequences.

For instance, in the original version, the RSA algorithm was used to encrypt session keys ; RSA's security depends upon the one-way function nature of mathematical integer factoring.

The original author later produced a new version of the algorithm, which he named Double Metaphone.

Contrary to the original algorithm whose application is limited to English only, this version takes into account spelling peculiarities of a number of other languages.

It should be noted, however, that this table does not constitute a complete description of the original Metaphone algorithm, and the algorithm cannot be coded correctly from it.

It makes a number of fundamental design improvements over the original Metaphone algorithm.

This algorithm is guaranteed to converge to an image, and it should appear similar to the original image.

In the original algorithm, this was a burst of white noise, but it can also include any wideband signal, such as a rapid sine wave chirp or frequency sweep, or a single cycle of a sawtooth wave or square wave.

The original algorithm used equal weighting on two adjacent samples, as this can be achieved without multiplication hardware, allowing extremely cheap implementations.

Dijkstra's original algorithm does not use a min-priority queue and runs in.

# Anti-Communism: This was included as a filter in the original 1988 edition of the book, but Chomsky argues that since the end of the Cold War ( 1945 – 91 ), anticommunism was replaced by the " War on Terror ", as the major social control mechanism.

The following essential elements are common to all superhet circuits: a receiving antenna, a tuned stage which may optionally contain amplification ( RF amplifier ), a variable frequency local oscillator, a frequency mixer, a band pass filter and intermediate frequency ( IF ) amplifer, and a demodulator plus additional circuitry to amplify or process the original audio signal ( or other transmitted information ).

The undesired signals are removed by the IF bandpass filter, leaving only the desired offset IF signal at f < small >< sub > IF </ sub ></ small > which contains the original modulation ( transmitted information ) as the received radio signal had at f < small >< sub > d </ sub ></ small >.

Later improved vocoders use a high-pass filter to let some sibilance through from the microphone ; this ruins the device for its original speech-coding application, but it makes the " talking synthesizer " effect much more intelligible.

A beam splitter separates off some portion of the light into the detection apparatus, which in fluorescence confocal microscopy will also have a filter that selectively passes the fluorescent wavelengths while blocking the original excitation wavelength.

For example, a second-order Butterworth filter will reduce the signal amplitude to one fourth its original level every time the frequency doubles ( so power decreases by 12 dB per octave, or 40 dB per decade ).

A high-pass filter, if the imaging software does not have one, can be done by duplicating the layer, putting a gaussian blur, inverting, and then blending with the original layer using an opacity ( say 50 %) with the original layer.

In the 1930s, Melitta revisited the original filter top and tapered the filter into a cone-shape.

The V-SID 1. 0 engine had been implemented in a FPGA EP1C12 Cyclone from ALTERA, on an ALTIUM development board, and emulates all the characteristics of the original SID, except the filter which is a digital version ( IIR filter controlled by a CPU ).

The Protobranchs feed in a different way, scraping detritus from the seabed, and this may be the original mode of feeding used by all bivalves before the gills became adapted for filter feeding.

The HLD-X0 was Pioneer's original MUSE player, and is the player of choice for many enthusiasts despite the fact that it lacks the comb filter shared by the R7G, S9 and X9.

which is the frequency that the filter will attenuate to half its original power.

Instead, the 1-bit signal is recorded directly and in theory only requires a lowpass filter to reconstruct the original analog waveform.

Hyperreality is a way of characterizing what our consciousness defines as " real " in a world where a multitude of media can radically shape and filter an original event or experience.

This can be represented as convolution of the original signal with the impulse response of the filter ( also known as the kernel ), which is the sinc function.

In Canny's original paper, the derivation of the optimal filter led to a Finite Impulse Response filter, which can be slow to compute in the spatial domain if the amount of smoothing required is important ( the filter will have a large spatial support in that case ).

One method to remove noise is by convolving the original image with a mask that represents a low-pass filter or smoothing operation.

Thus in an image processing context the original image ƒ can be recovered from the ' sinogram ' data Rƒ by applying a ramp filter ( in the variable ) and then back-projecting.

Although not officially announced, the original backup crew consisted of Fred Haise ( CDR ), William R. Pogue ( CMP ) and Gerald Carr ( LMP ) who were targeted for the prime crew assignment on Apollo 19.

Before the Cheers pilot, " Give Me a Ring Sometime ", was finalized and then aired in 1982, the series originally consisted of four employees of Cheers, the bar, in the original script.

His original system consisted of the four classical elements found in the ancient Greek traditions ( air, earth, fire and water ), in addition to two philosophical elements: sulphur, ‘ the stone which burns ’, which characterized the principle of combustibility, and mercury, which contained the idealized principle of metallic properties.

According to William Burt, in his notes to Dartmoor, a Descriptive Poem by N. T. Carrington ( 1826 ), the original tomb consisted of a pedestal of three steps, the lowest of which was built of four stones each six feet long and twelve inches square.

The original band lineup consisted of Jello Biafra ( Eric Reed Boucher ) on vocals, East Bay Ray on guitar, Klaus Flouride ( Geoffrey Lyall ) on bass, and Ted ( Bruce Slesinger ) on drums and percussion.

Of the original thirteen books of which Arithmetica consisted only six have survived, though there are some who believe that four Arab books discovered in 1968 are also by Diophantus.

Traditionally, the original Roman calendar consisted of 10 months, totalling 304 days, winter being considered a monthless period.

It has been suggested that it consisted of a motte, an earthen mound surmounted by wooden buildings ; however, the stone great tower may have been part of the original design.

The original uniform design consisted of white pants, gold trim, and either purple or white jerseys.

The original Jodrell laboratory, named after Mr T. J. Phillips Jodrell who funded it was established in 1877 and consisted of four research rooms and an office.

Commanded by Emil Maurice, and known as the Stabswache ( Staff Guard ), the original group consisted of eight men and was modeled after the Erhardt Naval Brigade, a violent Freikorps of the time.

The original government structure was composed of a self-governed assembly known as the Arengo, which consisted of the heads of each family ( as in the original Roman Senate, the Patres ).

Another criticism of the software library was that most titles consisted of " shovelware ", in which a developer takes an existing title and adds minor new content ( usually a CD audio soundtrack, or video sequences ) while not expanding the original game itself.

Sinologists Isabelle Robinet and Livia Kohn agree that " Taoism has never been a unified religion, and has constantly consisted of a combination of teachings based on a variety of original revelations.

While there are no historical records that deal directly with the founding of Venice, tradition and the available evidence have led several historians to agree that the original population of Venice consisted of refugees from Roman cities near Venice such as Padua, Aquileia, Treviso, Altino and Concordia ( modern Portogruaro ) and from the undefended countryside, who were fleeing successive waves of Germanic and Hun invasions.

The " all-new, all-different X-Men " were led by Cyclops from the original team and consisted of the newly created Colossus ( from the Soviet Union ), Nightcrawler ( from West Germany ), Storm ( from Kenya ), and Thunderbird ( a Native American from the Apache nation ), along with three previously introduced characters, Banshee ( from Ireland ), Sunfire ( from Japan ), and Wolverine ( from Canada ), who eventually became the breakout character on the team and, in terms of comic sales and appearances, the most popular X-Men character.

The opera, as first published at the time of the première, consisted of Verdi's original conception, minus all of the above cuts but including the ballet.

The original uniform, which has created a familiar image in the public eye, consisted of a khaki button-up shirt, shorts and a broad-brimmed campaign hat.

The original MIDI Maze team consisted of James Yee as the business manager, Michael Park as the graphics and distributed processing guru, and George Miller writing the AI / drone logic.

The stage performances consisted largely of music from Monty Python episodes and films, along with some original post-Python material.

The addition of modern to the name distinguished it from the original pentathlon of the ancient Olympic Games, which consisted of the stadion foot race, wrestling, long jump, javelin, and discus.

The original school consisted of only seventy scholars, half of whom had previously been educated at Winchester College, and all of these boys were educated at the king's expense. The only foreign student that received the King's Scholarship is from Turkey and spent a short time in Eton before going back to his homeland.

The second, Det nye chinesiske Gaadespil ( The new Chinese Puzzle Game ), consisted of 339 puzzles copied from The 8th Book of Tan, as well as one original.